Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility terhadap Nilai Perusahaan pada Sektor Barang dan Konsumsi

The objective of this resech was to find out whether or not Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) had influence on the firm value, in which the CSR variable was measured based on the Gloal Reporting Initiative Index 3.1 standart, while firm value was measured by using Tobin's Q. The sample was taken form the observation of 124 companies in Consumer Goods Industry sector within 2009-2013. The result of this reserch showed that Corporate Social Responsibility had no significant influance on the firm value, while the other control variable, namely firm size had significant influence on the firm value. But market share and debt to equity ratio control variables had no impact on the firm value

Determinants of Capital Structure Across Industries at Jakarta Stock Exchange

There are several objectives to be accomplished in this study. The main purpose of this research is to determine the nature of capital structure across non-finance industries in Indonesia, whether they prefer to use debt or equity as their source of financing. Subsequently, factors that influenced the capital structure of a company are then identified. In this study, the company's profitability, size, and dividend payout are considered as those factors that have relationship with leverage. Finally, this research also conducted to examine whether a company's capital structure decision affects its growth of shares price. In doing so, multiple regression analysis is used in order to determine whether there is relationship between variables tested. The sample of analysis includes 230 companies listed in Jakarta Stock Exchange from all industries, except finance, in 2006. The findings of this research confirm that, first of all, capital structure varies across industries. Each industry would have different decisions regarding its optimal capital structure, depends on several factors. This leads to the second findings, in which it proves that there is negative significant relationship between profitability and leverage, positive significant relationship between company's size and leverage, and negative relationship between dividend payout and leverage. Finally, this research also verifies that there is no relationship between leverage and company's growth of shares price, which means that the growth of shares price is not influenced by the company's capital structure decision. Capital structure decision plays an important role in maximizing the firm's value. By having the most optimal capital structure, firms might be able to push its cost to the minimum point, which then assist them in dealing with the competitive environment. Consequently, it is important to determine the factors that influence the capital structure of companies

The Mechanism of Expansion and the Volatility it created in Three Pheromone Gene Clusters in the Mouse (\u3ci\u3eMus musculus\u3c/i\u3e) Genome

Three families of proteinaceous pheromones have been described in the house mouse: androgen-binding proteins (ABPs), exocrine gland–secreting peptides (ESPs), and major urinary proteins (MUPs), each of which is thought to communicate different information. All three are encoded by large gene clusters in different regions of the mouse genome, clusters that have expanded dramatically during mouse evolutionary history. We report copy number variation among the most recently duplicated Abp genes, which suggests substantial volatility in this gene region. It appears that groups of these genes behave as low copy repeats (LCRs), duplicating as relatively large blocks of genes by nonallelic homologous recombination. An analysis of gene conversion suggested that it did not contribute to the very low or absent divergence among the paralogs duplicated in this way. We evaluated the ESP and MUP gene regions for signs of the LCR pattern but could find no compelling evidence for duplication of gene blocks of any significant size. Assessment of the entire Abp gene region with the Mouse Paralogy Browser supported the conclusion that substantial volatility has occurred there. This was especially evident when comparing strains with all or part of the Mus musculus musculus or Mus musculus castaneus Abp region. No particularly remarkable volatility was observed in the other two gene families, and we discuss the significance of this in light of the various roles proposed for the three families of mouse proteinaceous pheromones

The Roles of Gene Duplication, Gene Conversion and Positive Selection in Rodent \u3ci\u3eEsp\u3c/i\u3e and \u3ci\u3eMup\u3c/i\u3e Pheromone Gene Families with Comparison to the \u3ci\u3eAbp\u3c/i\u3e Family

Three proteinaceous pheromone families, the androgen-binding proteins (ABPs), the exocrine-gland secreting peptides (ESPs) and the major urinary proteins (MUPs) are encoded by large gene families in the genomes of Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus. We studied the evolutionary histories of the Mup and Esp genes and compared them with what is known about the Abp genes. Apparently gene conversion has played little if any role in the expansion of the mouse Class A and Class B Mup genes and pseudogenes, and the rat Mups. By contrast, we found evidence of extensive gene conversion in many Esp genes although not in all of them. Our studies of selection identified at least two amino acid sites in β-sheets as having evolved under positive selection in the mouse Class A and Class B MUPs and in rat MUPs. We show that selection may have acted on the ESPs by determining Ka/Ks for Exon 3 sequences with and without the converted sequence segment. While it appears that purifying selection acted on the ESP signal peptides, the secreted portions of the ESPs probably have undergone much more rapid evolution. When the inner gene converted fragment sequences were removed, eleven Esp paralogs were present in two or more pairs with Ka/Ks \u3e1.0 and thus we propose that positive selection is detectable by this means in at least some mouse Esp paralogs. We compare and contrast the evolutionary histories of all three mouse pheromone gene families in light of their proposed functions in mouse communication

Orbital Frontal Cortex Projections to Secondary Motor Cortex Mediate Exploitation of Learned Rules.

Animals face the dilemma between exploiting known opportunities and exploring new ones, a decision-making process supported by cortical circuits. While different types of learning may bias exploration, the circumstances and the degree to which bias occurs is unclear. We used an instrumental lever press task in mice to examine whether learned rules generalize to exploratory situations and the cortical circuits involved. We first trained mice to press one lever for food and subsequently assessed how that learning influenced pressing of a second novel lever. Using outcome devaluation procedures we found that novel lever exploration was not dependent on the food value associated with the trained lever. Further, changes in the temporal uncertainty of when a lever press would produce food did not affect exploration. Instead, accrued experience with the instrumental contingency was strongly predictive of test lever pressing with a positive correlation between experience and trained lever exploitation, but not novel lever exploration. Chemogenetic attenuation of orbital frontal cortex (OFC) projection into secondary motor cortex (M2) biased novel lever exploration, suggesting that experience increases OFC-M2 dependent exploitation of learned associations but leaves exploration constant. Our data suggests exploitation and exploration are parallel decision-making systems that do not necessarily compete

Sex Differences in Morbidity and Mortality

Women have worse self-rated health and more hospitalization episodes than men from early adolescence to late middle age, but are less likely to die at each age. We use 14 years of data from the U.S. National Health Interview Survey to examine this paradox. Our results indicate that the difference in self-assessed health between women and men can be entirely explained by differences in the distribution of the chronic conditions they face. Although on average women have worse self-rated health than men, women and men with the same chronic conditions have the same self-rated health. The results for hospital episodes are somewhat different. While the effect of poor health on hospital episodes is the same for men and women, men with respiratory cancer, cardiovascular disease, and bronchitis are more likely to experience hospital episodes than women who suffer from the same chronic conditions, implying that men may experience more severe forms of these conditions. The same is true for mortality. Although the effects of many chronic conditions on the probability of death are the same for women and men, men who report having cardiovascular disease and certain lung disorders are significantly more likely to die than women with these conditions. While some of the gender difference in mortality can be explained by differences in the distribution of chronic conditions, an equally large share can be attributed to the larger adverse effects of these conditions on male mortality. Is smoking the smoking gun? Conditions for which we find excess male hospitalizations and mortality are generally smoking-related.

Implementasi Konsep Sanctuary Pada Perancangan Interior Sanctuary Spa & Relaxation Centre Di Bali

Bali is an island which always be a tourist destination, both local tourists and foreign tourists. It makes the property entrepreneur compete to build the functional and aesthetic architecture interior, start from nature tourism, culinary tourism, up to shopping tourism. Many attractions in Bali make the most of Bali\u27s population choose livelihoods related to the world of tourism. For the people of Indonesia and overseas, saturated daily routines at their origin place make them yearn to relax and restore the body\u27s vitality. It makes the fitness center and body treatments like spa is many emerging, such as Sanctuary Spa & Relaxation Centre in Surabaya. In this era, woman spa design development grows rapidly including in Bali. But, in the midst of these developments, there are many spa places encountered by incorporating elements of foreign culture and use imported products. It makes local culture and domestic products are less widely known. Therefore is necessary a new spa design like Sanctuary Spa & Relaxation Centre in Bali so the local culture and domestic products can be applied and be able to compete in the global marketplace

Maskulinitas dan Bunga dalam Karya R.M. Noto Soeroto Melatiknoppen: Gedichten In Proza dan De Geur Van Moeders Haarwrong

R.M. Noto Soeroto was one of the Indonesian writers who wrote in Dutch.His poems and essays in Dutch were well appreciated by both the Dutch andthe Indonesian society in the Netherlands. He published his works in Oedaya:Majalah bergambar untuk Indonesia, a magazine (1923-1931) that was founded byhim. His works can be categorized as Dutch-East Indies literature. Most of hisworks in Dutch were written when he lived in the Netherlands and describethe Javanese culture. This article is an analysis on three of Soeroto\u27s poems.These three poems present flowers as theme, two poems are from his anthologyMelatiknoppen: gedichten in proza (1915) and one poem from De geur van moedershaarwrong (1922). Flowers are most usually seen as a symbol for women, andthus represent the idea of femininity. However, the flowers in these three poemsrefer to the idea of masculinity. Jasmine is no longer a symbol limited to thefeminine gender. In Javanese culture, the jasmine flower attached to the hairis a symbol of femininity. The flower wrapped around the kris is a symbol ofmasculinity. Furthermore jasmine is a symbol for struggle. This article tries todemonstrate the presence of masculinity through the use of flowers and theirrole as an image of masculinity in Noto Soeroto\u27s poems