Galileo in Maritime Applications

The past decade has seen the continued growth of GPS and its many different applications. The European Union and the European Space Agency has announced the development of the European Global Navigation Satellite System - Galileo. Clearly acceptance of additional satellite systems into markets that successfully use GPS will require identification of those key areas where Galileo is capable of providing added-value, either standalone or more likely as a component of an overall integrated suite of navigation systems. These key areas are often termed the key differentiators for Galileo. This paper introduces three projects; GALEWAT, MARGAL and GEM. The GALEWAT project is fully funded by the European Space Agency (ESA), while MARGAL is 50% co-funded and GEM fully funded by the European Union (EU) through the Sixth Framework Research and Development Programme which is being administered on behalf of the EU by the Galileo Joint Undertaking (GJU). The overall aim of all three projects is to raise awareness of Galileo. GALEWAT is a project running since 05/2003 with the focus of demonstration the feasibility of the introduction of EGNOS in the upcoming River Information Services (RIS). The MARGAL project focuses on the maritime use of Galileo, whereas GEM is concerned with the standardization of Galileo as part of the World Wide Radio-Navigation Service (WWRNS) as well as performance requirements and testing standards for Galileo receivers; both projects are running over a two-year period, commencing from early 2004. This paper aims to provide an introduction to, and an overview of these projects, informing the reader where they may benefit from the introduction of Galileo. The paper starts by reviewing the perceived benefits of Galileo and demonstrates, through the use of a third party software model, where Galileo will benefit the mariner. The GALEWAT project has analysed the technical feasibility and performance of the introduction of EGNOS in upcoming River Information Services, while the aim of MARGAL is twofold: the demonstration of an end-to-end value added navigation services in the inland waterway domain as well as for port approach and harbour navigation in the maritime domain. For MARGAL, this paper reports on the development of a measurement program to identify where Galileo has the potential to benefit the mariner along with the development of the MARGAL system for harmonised navigation. Finally this paper also details work on the lengthy standardisation procedure that is being undertaken as part of the GEM project. Reprinted with permission from The Institute of Navigation (http://ion.org/) and The Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, (pp. 779-787). Fairfax, VA: The Institute of Navigation

Antikke samfunn i krig og fred

Festskrift til Johan Henrik SchreinerDenne boken er er festskrift ril professor Johan Henrik Schreiner i forbindelse med hans 70-årsdag. Den består av en samling artikler 0111 krig, konflikt og fredsslurninger i antikken. Krigen er alle tings mor, kunne det hete da, og mens verdenslitteraturen ofte fører sin stamtavle tilbake ril Homer og hans beskrivelse av Trojanerkrigen, fører hisroriefaget sin tilbake til Herodots og Thukydides' verker om perserkrigene og Peloponneserkrigen. Fascinasjonen for greske bystaters borger- og krigerkollekriv og store generaler som Alexander og Caesar har dessuten holdt seg godt i to tusen år. Denne boken vil forhåpentligvis bidra til videre interesse. Her vil man finne belyst mange sider ved antikke samfunns forhold til krig - både svært omdiskuterte og nye, lite omtalte. Bidragene strekker seg fra Assyrerriker ved jernalderens begynnelse til det seinantikke Romerriket. Artiklene er ført i pennen av antikkhistorikere, arkeologer og klassiskfilologer ved norske og danske universitet. De er skrevet også med tanke på et alminnelig inreressert publikum og bør kunne interessere både leg og lærd

Diversity in narratives to green the Norwegian salmon farming industry

Despite being an economic success and generating considerable profit, the Norwegian salmon farming industry face environmental challenges that need to be solved. Since 2014, all new licenses to farm salmon are labelled either “light-green”, dark-green” or “development licenses”. The industry is nevertheless characterized by the open net-pen as a hegemonic technology, and is susceptible to both cognitive and political lock-in. In the article, it is defined which narratives on “greening criteria” that are dominant and an analysis is presented on how narratives influence new licenses for salmon farming. The data is derived from 52 qualitative interviews and a broad qualitative analysis of trends and debates in the industry. From the perspective of evolutionary economic geography and the sub-concept path dependency, narratives on greening criteria for future salmon farming are divided in three categories: path extension, modest path renewal and strong path renewal. The findings reveal that although most licenses are linked to mere path extension, development licenses might disrupt this trend

Diversity in narratives to green the Norwegian salmon farming industry

Despite being an economic success and generating considerable profit, the Norwegian salmon farming industry face environmental challenges that need to be solved. Since 2014, all new licenses to farm salmon are labelled either “light-green”, dark-green” or “development licenses”. The industry is nevertheless characterized by the open net-pen as a hegemonic technology, and is susceptible to both cognitive and political lock-in. In the article, it is defined which narratives on “greening criteria” that are dominant and an analysis is presented on how narratives influence new licenses for salmon farming. The data is derived from 52 qualitative interviews and a broad qualitative analysis of trends and debates in the industry. From the perspective of evolutionary economic geography and the sub-concept path dependency, narratives on greening criteria for future salmon farming are divided in three categories: path extension, modest path renewal and strong path renewal. The findings reveal that although most licenses are linked to mere path extension, development licenses might disrupt this trend

Bedriftenes erfaringer med VRI-satsingen i Hordaland

Denne rapporten retter søkelyset mot bedriftenes erfaringer med VRI-satsingen i Hordaland. VRI-programmet (Virkemidler for regional FoU og innovasjon) ble lansert i februar 2007 som Norges forskningsråds nye satsing på forskning og innovasjon med relevans for næringslivet i norske regioner. Rapporten kartlegger hvordan bedriftene er blitt involvert i satsingen, deres synspunkter på ordningen og noen resultater av deres deltakelse i prosjekter som har vært gjennomført med støtte fra VRI-programmet. Analysen baserer seg på intervjuer med en rekke deltakende bedrifter og andre nøkkelinformanter som har vært involvert i arbeidet. Rapporten inngår som en del av SNFs følgeevaluering av VRI-satsingen i Hordaland

Combined inhibition of complement and CD14 attenuates bacteria-induced inflammation in human whole blood more efficiently than antagonizing the toll-like receptor 4-MD2 complex

Background: Single inhibition of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)–MD2 complex failed in treatment of sepsis. CD14 is a coreceptor for several TLRs, including TLR4 and TLR2. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of single TLR4-MD2 inhibition by using eritoran, compared with the effect of CD14 inhibition alone and combined with the C3 complement inhibitor compstatin (Cp40), on the bacteria-induced inflammatory response in human whole blood. Methods: Cytokines were measured by multiplex technology, and leukocyte activation markers CD11b and CD35 were measured by flow cytometry. Results: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–induced inflammatory markers were efficiently abolished by both anti-CD14 and eritoran. Anti-CD14 was significantly more effective than eritoran in inhibiting LPS-binding to HEK-293E cells transfected with CD14 and Escherichia coli–induced upregulation of monocyte activation markers (P E. coli–induced interleukin 6 (P E. coli (P Staphylococcus aureus (P P Conclusions: Whole bacteria–induced inflammation was inhibited more efficiently by anti-CD14 than by eritoran, particularly when combined with complement inhibition. Combined CD14 and complement inhibition may prove a promising treatment strategy for bacterial sepsis

Antikke samfunn i krig og fred

Denne boken er er festskrift ril professor Johan Henrik Schreiner i forbindelse med hans 70-årsdag. Den består av en samling artikler 0111 krig, konflikt og fredsslurninger i antikken. Krigen er alle tings mor, kunne det hete da, og mens verdenslitteraturen ofte fører sin stamtavle tilbake ril Homer og hans beskrivelse av Trojanerkrigen, fører hisroriefaget sin tilbake til Herodots og Thukydides' verker om perserkrigene og Peloponneserkrigen. Fascinasjonen for greske bystaters borger- og krigerkollekriv og store generaler som Alexander og Caesar har dessuten holdt seg godt i to tusen år. Denne boken vil forhåpentligvis bidra til videre interesse. Her vil man finne belyst mange sider ved antikke samfunns forhold til krig - både svært omdiskuterte og nye, lite omtalte. Bidragene strekker seg fra Assyrerriker ved jernalderens begynnelse til det seinantikke Romerriket. Artiklene er ført i pennen av antikkhistorikere, arkeologer og klassiskfilologer ved norske og danske universitet. De er skrevet også med tanke på et alminnelig inreressert publikum og bør kunne interessere både leg og lærd