Phylogeography of the Asian softshell turtle Amyda cartilaginea (BODDAERT, 1770): evidence for a species complex

Using up to 2456 bp mtDNA and up to 2716 bp nDNA of fresh samples and short sequences of three mitochondrial genes of historical museum material, we examine the phylogeography of Amyda cartilaginea. This data set provides evidence for the existence of deeply divergent genetic lineages which we interpret as three distinct species, two of which are polytypic. On the Great Sunda Islands, the distribution ranges of the two subspecies of Amyda cartilaginea (Boddaert, 1770) sensu stricto and of an undescribed species match palaeodrainage systems. Amyda cartilaginea cartilaginea occurs in the East Sunda palaeodrainage, with records in eastern Borneo and Java. Also a record from Sulawesi, most probably not representing a native population, refers to A. c. cartilaginea. In the North Sunda palaeodrainage (Sumatra, western Borneo) lives Amyda cartilaginea maculosa subsp. nov., which is described herein. One sample from the Baram river (Sarawak, Malaysia) is genetically highly distinct and represents a new species. We refrain from naming this taxon until more material becomes available for morphological characterization. For the continental populations, we resurrect the species Amyda ornata (Gray, 1861). We identify Asian softshell turtles from the Mekong drainage with the nominotypical subspecies, while the genetically distinct populations from Thailand and Myanmar are assigned to Amyda ornata phayrei (Theobald, 1868). Samples from Bangladesh are also genetically distinct and represent an undescribed subspecies and the first country record for Amyda

Exploring Cu/Al cluster growth and reactivity: from embryonic building blocks to intermetalloid, open-shell superatoms

International audienceCluster growth reactions in the system [Cu](Mes) + [Al](Cp*) (Mes = mesitylene, Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadiene) were explored and monitored by LIFDI-MS and H-NMR. Feedback into experimental design allowed for an informed choice and precise adjustment of reaction conditions and led to isolation of the intermetallic cluster [CuAl](Cp*)(Mes) (). Cluster reacts with excess 3-hexyne to yield the triangular cluster [CuAl](Cp*) (). The two embryonic [CuAl](Cp*)(Mes) and [CuAl](Cp*) clusters and , respectively, were shown to be intermediates in the formation of an inseparable composite of the closely related clusters [CuAl](Cp*) (), [HCuAl](Cp*) () and [CuAl](Cp*) (), which just differ by one Cu core atom. The radical nature of the open-shell superatomic [CuAl](Cp*) cluster is reflected in its reactivity towards addition of one Cu core atom leading to the closed shell superatom [CuAl](Cp*) (, and as well by its ability to undergo σ(C-H) and σ(Si-H) activation reactions of CHCH (toluene) and (TMS)SiH (TMS = tris(trimethylsilyl))