Nieuwere inzichten omtrent prikkels bij planten

Saxa crescunt, Plantae crescunt et vivunt, Animalia crescunt, vivunt et sentiunt, zoo luidt een oud adagium, dat kort en kernachtig wenschte aan te duiden, welk verschil men aantreft tusschen de drie rijken der natuur. Hoe ver staan wij met onze tegenwoordige kennis daarvan af! Vooreerst al, omdat de vergelijking van den groei van een kristal met dien van een levend wezen ons toch wel wat al te oppervlakkig lijkt! De grens tusschen de saxa aan den eenen, de georganiseerde wereld aan den anderen kant, is veel scherper dan men vroeger ooit gedacht heeft. Maar daarentegen is de scheidingslijn tusschen plant en dier niet te trekken en het verschil zeer zeker niet te zoeken in het reactievermogen ten opzichte van uitwendige prikkels. Immers zoo zou ik het „sentiunt" in onze tegenwoordige termen willen vertalen

Ondoelmatigheid in de levende natuur

Er bestaat een oud verhaal van algemeene bekendheid, waarvan de bedoeling is, de waanwijsheid van menschen te doen uitkomen, die kritiek op de natuur uitoefenen. Een man betreurt het, dat aan de boomen niet even groote vruchten hangen als de pompoenen, die hij naast zich op den grond ziet groeien; daarna legt hij zich neer onder een boom en valt in slaap. Een van de vruchten, die hem zooeven te klein toeschenen, valt en zijn neus komt er in onzachte aanraking mede. Hij looft nu de wijsheid van den Schepper en ziet zijn eigen domheid in, want had die vrucht de grootte en het gewicht van een pompoen gehad, dan zou zijn hoofd zeker verbrijzeld zijn geworden

Die Bedeutung des Wuchsstoffes (Auxin) für Wachstum, photo- und geotropische Krümmungen

Neue Zellen entstehen durch Teilung an den sog. Vegetationspunkten, welche man beim Sproß in der Knospe, bei der Wurzel an der äußersten Spitze antrifft. Mit dieser Zellteilung ist nur eine sehr geringe Volumvergrößerung verbunden. Diese findet erst statt, wenn die Zellen selbst zu wachsen anfangen; man spricht dann von Zellstreckung. Die Plasmamenge vermehrt sich dabei kaum, erheblich dagegen der zentrale Saftraum mit dem darin enthaltenen Zellsaft; auch die Menge der Zellhaut nimmt zu

Ilmkuulus Italia rööwlipealik Rinaldo Rinaldini : Kõige suurem Italia rahwa roman

40. andel puuduvad viimased lehed.https://www.ester.ee/record=b1372904*es

Analise do registro sedimentar mesozoico-cenozoico da “wedge-top depozone” da bacia de Antepais Andino Amazonico do norte do Peru

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia, 2017.A margem ocidental de América do Sul é comumente considerada como um exemplo de margem oceano - continental convergente, constituindo a antigo Oeste do Gondwana antes de sua dispersão no Cretáceo. O segmento norte de América do Sul experimento a mudanças drásticas desde o desenvolvimento como bacia de trás-arco no Triássico-Jurássico até formar uma retro-bacia de ante-país no contexto atual andino. Uma maneira para determinar essas mudanças nos eventos geodinâmicos que afetam o segmento norte da América do Sul é estudando a proveniência das rochas sedimentares e reconstruir a evolução do paleodrenagem. Este estudo analisa a proveniência das rochas sedimentares que compõem o intervalo Triássico-Mioceno depositados na Bacia do Huallaga. Foram utilizados os métodos de U-Pb em zircão detrítico e isotopia de Nd-Sr. Os resultados mostram quatro mudanças da proveniência associados a eventos locais e regionais que afetam a bacia de ante-pais do norte de Peru. As rochas sedimentares do Triássico-Jurássico foram depositadas em um contexto de bacia de back-arc. Os valores de εNd (0) são de - 7,9 a -10 associada com um arco juvenil junto com idades U-Pb em zircão detritico que representam as províncias de Greenville- Sunsás (1.3-0.9 Ga), Brasiliano (0.5-0.7 Ga) e Maroni-Itacaiúnas (2-2.2 Ga). Estes resultados sugerem uma fonte de proveniência mista vindo do Arco Vulcânico Mesozoico (Arco Misahuallí-Colán) e rochas Pré-cambrianas da Cordilheira Oriental do Peru e Cordilheira Real do Equador. As rochas sedimentares do Cretáceo (Albiano-Maastrichtiano) têm valores de εNd (0) entre -16 a -18 com picos de idades U-Pb em zircão detritico representando as províncias de Rondônia-San Ignácio (1.3-1.54 Ga), Rio Negro-Juruena (1.54-1.82 Ga) e Ventuari Tapajós (1.82-2 Ga). Estes resultados sugerem uma fonte das áreas do Cráton Amazonico onde o transporte de sedimentos foi realizado no sentido Oeste para Leste durante o Albiano-Maastrichtiano e dominou todo o segmento norte de América do Sul. As rochas sedimentares do Paleoceno Inferior- Eoceno têm valores εNd (0) de - 5,58 a -10,35 com picos de idades U-Pb em zircão detritico que representam as províncias de Greenville-Sunsás (1.3- 0.9 Ga), Brasiliano (0.5-0.7 Ga) e Rio Negro-Juruena (1.54-1.82 Ga) junto com as primeiras populações de zircões com idades mais jovens que 120 Ma. Essas idades representam os primeiros zircões da região dos Andes e corresponde ao segmento da Cordilheira Ocidental. As rochas sedimentares do Oligoceno têm valores de εNd (0) entre -7,7 a -9,9 junto com um pico principal de idades U-Pb entre 23-29 Ma (Oligoceno). Estes resultados mostram uma predominância de fonte de arco vulcânico Paleógeno-Neógeno (Arco Vulcânico Calipuy- Saraguro) que se desenvolve na Cordilheira Ocidental do Equador e do Peru. As rochas sedimentares do Miocene apresentam valores de εNd (0) entre -5,8 a -12,6 junto com idades U-Pb em zircão detritico principais pertencem às províncias Greenville-Sunsás (1.3-0.9 Ga), Brasiliano (0.5-0.7 Ga), Arco Magmático Paleozóico (0.4-0.26 Ga) e Rift Permo-Triassico (0.25-0.15 Ga). Estas rochas apresentam uma fonte mista vindo dos segmentos da Cordilheira Ocidental e Oriental dos Andes Centrais. O desenvolvimento da Cordilheira Oriental gera uma barreira evita o transporte dos sedimentos que veim da Cordilheira Ocidental.The Andean margin of South America is considered as the type example of an ocean - continental convergent margin, located along the west margin of Gondwana prior to its dispersion during to Cretaceous. The north segment of South America undergoes severe changes from the passage of a back-arc basin during the Triassic-Jurassic to a retro-foreland basin in the current Andean context. One way to constraint the changes of these geodynamical proccesses and the way it affected the northern part of South America is to study the sedimentary provenance and reconstruct its paleodrainage evolution. This study analyzes the sedimentary rocks of the Triassic-Miocene interval deposited in the Huallaga basin that has part of the northern Peruvian Amazonian basin. We performed sedimentary analyzes using the methods of, U-Pb in detrital zircon and Sr-Nd isotopes. The results show 4 changes in provenance associated with regional and local events that affect the northern Peruvian Amazonian basin. The Triassic-Jurassic is characterized by deposition of sediments in back-arc basin context. The Triassic-Jurassic sediments present εNd (0) values of -7.9 to - 10 associated with a young arc along with zircon population age from the representing the provinces of Greenville-Sunsás (1.3-0.9 Ga), Brasiliano (0.5-0.7 Ga) e Maroni-Itacaiúnas (2- 2.2 Ga). These results suggest a mixed source between volcanic arc (Misahuallí-Colán Arc) and Pre-cambrian rocks of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru and Cordillera Real of Ecuador. The sedimentary rocks of the Cretaceous (Albian-Maastrichtian) present εNd (0) values of - 16 to -18 along with zircon population age from the representing the provinces of Rondonia- San Ignácio (1.3-1.54 Ga), Rio Negro-Juruena (1.54-1.82 Ga) e Ventuari-Tapajós (1.82-2 Ga). These results suggest a source of Amazon Craton, where the transport of sediments developed westward from the drainage systems during the Albian-Maastrichtian and dominated the entire northern segment of South America. The Early Paleocene to Eocene sedimentary rocks presents εNd (0) values of – 5.58 to -10.35 with zircon population age from the representing the provinces of Greenville-Sunsás (1.3-0.9 Ga), Brasiliano (0.5-0.7 Ga) e Rio Negro-Juruena (1.54-1.82 Ga) with population age younger than 120 Ma. These ages represent the first zircons from the Andean mountains and correspond to the segment of the Western Cordillera. The Oligocene sedimentary rocks present εNd (0) values of -7.7 to - 9.9 with a main peak of zircon population ages between 23-29 Ma (Oligocene). These results show a predominance of the Paleogene-Neogene volcanic arc (Calipuy-Saraguro Volcanic Arc) source that is developed in the Western Cordillera of Peru and Ecuador. The Miocene sediments present εNd (0) values of -5.8 to -12.6 located in the sediments area of the Altiplano-Eastern Cordillera associated to a mixture sources of volcanic arc and recycled sediments of Phanerozoic and Pre-cambrian rocks. The main peaks of U-Pb ages belong to the Greenville-Sunsás (1.3-0.9 Ga), Brasiliano (0.5-0.7 Ga), Arco Magmático Paleozóico (0.4-0.26 Ga) e Rift Permo-Triassico (0.25-0.15 Ga). These sediments present a mixed source from the segments of the Western and Eastern Cordillera of the Central Andes. Te uplift of the Eastern Cordillera generates a barrier that avoids the transportation of the sediment that comes from the Western Cordillera.El margen occidental andino sudamericano es comúnmente considerado como un ejemplo de margen océano - continental convergente, constituyendo el antiguo margen Oeste de Gondwana antes a su dispersión en el Cretáceo. El segmento norte de América del Sur experimenta cambios desde el desarrollo de una cuenca de tras-arco durante el Triásico- Jurásico hasta formar una retro-cuenca de ante-país en el actual contexto andino. Una manera para determinar estos cambios en la geodinámica que afectan el segmento norte de Sudamérica es estudiando la procedencia de los sedimentos y reconstruir la evolución de paleodrenaje. El presente estudio de procedencia analiza las rocas sedimentarias que componen el intervalo Triásico-Mioceno depositado en la Cuenca Huallaga que forma parte de la Cuenca Amazónica Norte del Perú. Para este estudio fueron utilizados dataciones U-Pb en circón detrítico e isotopia de Sr-Nd. Los resultados muestran cuatro cambios de procedencia asociados con eventos regionales y locales que afectan la retro-cuenca de antepaís al norte de Perú. Las rocas sedimentarias del Triásico-Jurásico fueron depositads en un contexto de cuenca tras-arco. Los valores de εNd (0) oscilan entre - 7.9 a -10 asociados a un arco juvenil junto con edades principales de U-Pb que representan las provincias Greenville- Sunsás (1.3-0.9 Ga), Brasiliano (0.5-0.7 Ga) e Maroni-Itacaiúnas (2-2.2 Ga). Estos resultados sugieren una fuente mixta entre arco volcánico (Arco Misahuallí-Colán) y rocas Precambrianas de la Cordillera Oriental de Perú y Cordillera Real de Ecuador. Las rocas sedimentarias del Cretáceo Superior (Albiano-Maastrichtiano) presentan valores de εNd (0) entre -16 a -18 junto con picos de edades U-Pb que representan las provincias de Rondônia- San Ignácio (1.3-1.54 Ga), Rio Negro-Juruena (1.54-1.82 Ga) e Ventuari-Tapajós (1.82-2 Ga). Estos resultados sugieren una fuente de Cratón Amazónico donde el transporte de sedimentos se desarrolló en dirección Este para el Oeste durante el Albiano-Maastrichtiano y dominó todo el segmento norte de América del Sur. Las rocas sedimentarias del Paleoceno Temprano-Eoceno presentan valores de εNd (0) entre – 5.58 a -10.35 con principales edades U-Pb que representan las provincias Greenville-Sunsás (1.3-0.9 Ga), Brasiliano (0.5-0.7 Ga) e Rio Negro-Juruena (1.54-1.82 Ga) junto con las primeras poblaciones de edades menores a 120 Ma. Estas edades representan los primeros circones procedentes de la zona andina y corresponde al segmento de la Cordillera Occidental. Los rocas sedimentarias del Oligoceno son caracterizados por presentar valores εNd (0) entre -7.7 a -9.9 junto con un pico principal de edades de U-Pb entre 23-29 Ma (Oligoceno). Estos resultados muestran un predominio de fuente de arco volcánico Paleógeno-Neógeno (Arco Volcánico Calpiuy-Saraguro) que se desarrolla en la Cordillera Occidental de Perú y Ecuador. Las rocas sedimentarias del Mioceno presentan valores εNd (0) entre -5.8 a -12.6 junto con idades U-Pb principales que pertenecen a las provincias Greenville-Sunsás (1.3-0.9 Ga), Brasiliano (0.5-0.7 Ga), Arco Magmático Paleozóico (0.4-0.26 Ga) e Rift Permo-Triassico (0.25-0.15 Ga). Estos sedimentos presentan una fuente mixta procedente de los segmentos de la Cordillera Occidental y Cordillera Oriental de los Andes Centrales. Durante el desarrollo de a Cordillera Oriental genera una barrera que impide el transporte de sedimentos procedentes de la Cordillera Ocidenta

Analysis of Client Anonymity in the Tor Network

The Tor Network has emerged as the most popular service providing sender anonymity on the Internet. It is a community-driven network with most of the infrastructure operated by volunteers. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file sharing applications, such as BitTorrent, take up a large portion of the available resources in Tor, which reduce the quality of service for those browsing the web through Tor. In this thesis, experiences from operating a Tor exit relay with a reduced exit policy are recounted. Additionally, the lifecycle of the exit relay is presented and an analysis of the application distribution of exit traffic is done. This analysis uncovers that the reduced exit policy may reduce the BitTorrent traffic share as the total, byte-wise traffic share constituted by BitTorrent was 25.4%, which is lower than in similar analyses done earlier. Tor is a low latency service, thus it is possible that packet latency can leak information about either the source, the destination or both ends of the encrypted Tor traffic. There have been numerous proposals for side-channel attacks in the Tor Network, with one of the most interesting being the website fingerprinting attack. The website fingerprinting attack attempts to map encrypted client-side traffic with a web page by utilizing side-channel information from web page visits to train a machine learning classifier, which in turn is used to predict the web page corresponding to encrypted, client-side Tor traffic. This thesis aims to review existing website fingerprinting attacks as well as to propose a basic attack sorting under this category. The thesis argues that it is feasible that state of the art web site fingerprinting attacks can be applied in a real-world scenario under the assumption that certain Tor users visit censored web pages repeatedly. Website fingerprinting attacks proposed up until now attempt to identify individual web pages from an encrypted traffic stream. This thesis proposes a web site fingerprinting attack, an attack related to the general website fingerprinting attack, but instead of web pages, it attempts to identify web sites. The attack utilizes, among other things, the browsing pattern to attempt to map encrypted client-side traffic to a web site. The browsing pattern data is collected from a test group made up of volunteers who are asked to browse web sites as they feel natural. In one of the most successful experiments, the attack resulted in a True Positive Rate (TPR) of 91.7% and a corresponding False Positive Rate (FPR) of 0.95% from a total of 222 attempted web site predictions

De origine et indole poenae : Disputatio

Digiteeritud Euroopa Regionaalarengu Fondi rahastusel, projekti "Eesti teadus- ja õppekirjandus" (2014-2020.12.03.21-0848) raames.https://www.ester.ee/record=b1908553*es

Veranlasste Erläuterungen zur Geschichte der Bauerschulen in Livland seinen prüsenden Zeitgenossen im gemeinsamen Heimathlande

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2171933~S1*es

Was ist Pietismus? : Vier Predigten

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2171921~S1*es