Cross-lingual Argumentation Mining: Machine Translation (and a bit of Projection) is All You Need!

Argumentation mining (AM) requires the identification of complex discourse structures and has lately been applied with success monolingually. In this work, we show that the existing resources are, however, not adequate for assessing cross-lingual AM, due to their heterogeneity or lack of complexity. We therefore create suitable parallel corpora by (human and machine) translating a popular AM dataset consisting of persuasive student essays into German, French, Spanish, and Chinese. We then compare (i) annotation projection and (ii) bilingual word embeddings based direct transfer strategies for cross-lingual AM, finding that the former performs considerably better and almost eliminates the loss from cross-lingual transfer. Moreover, we find that annotation projection works equally well when using either costly human or cheap machine translations. Our code and data are available at \url{http://github.com/UKPLab/coling2018-xling_argument_mining}.Comment: Accepted at Coling 201

Kinematics of the South Atlantic rift

The South Atlantic rift basin evolved as branch of a large Jurassic-Cretaceous intraplate rift zone between the African and South American plates during the final breakup of western Gondwana. By quantitatively accounting for crustal deformation in the Central and West African rift zone, we indirectly construct the kinematic history of the pre-breakup evolution of the conjugate West African-Brazilian margins. Our model suggests a causal link between changes in extension direction and velocity during continental extension and the generation of marginal structures such as the enigmatic Pre-salt sag basin and the S\~ao Paulo High. We model an initial E-W directed extension between South America and Africa (fixed in present-day position) at very low extensional velocities until Upper Hauterivian times ($\approx$126 Ma) when rift activity along in the equatorial Atlantic domain started to increase significantly. During this initial $\approx$17 Myr-long stretching episode the Pre-salt basin width on the conjugate Brazilian and West African margins is generated. An intermediate stage between 126.57 Ma and Base Aptian is characterised by strain localisation, rapid lithospheric weakening in the equatorial Atlantic domain, resulting in both progressively increasing extensional velocities as well as a significant rotation of the extension direction to NE-SW. Final breakup between South America and Africa occurred in the conjugate Santos--Benguela margin segment at around 113 Ma and in the Equatorial Atlantic domain between the Ghanaian Ridge and the Piau\'i-Cear\'a margin at 103 Ma. We conclude that such a multi-velocity, multi-directional rift history exerts primary control on the evolution of this conjugate passive margins systems and can explain the first order tectonic structures along the South Atlantic and possibly other passive margins.Comment: 46 Pages, 22 figures. Submitted to Solid Earth (http://www.solid-earth.net). Abstract shortened due to arXiv restrictions. New version contains revisions and amendments as per reviewers requests. Supplementary data is available at http://datahub.io/en/dataset/southatlanticrif

L’émeute de Lachine en 1812 : la coordination d’une contestation populaire

Cet article propose de revisiter un événement historique déjà étudié, l’émeute de Lachine de 1812, en mettant l’accent sur le rôle, sur le profil social et sur les réseaux de relations des principaux acteurs de cette contestation populaire contre la conscription de miliciens dans l’ouest de l’île de Montréal au début de la guerre de 1812. Les études consacrées à cette émeute ont, malgré leurs divergences sur le bien-fondé de l’action des émeutiers, présenté un monde rural coupé de la ville pourtant proche, de ses idées et de ses réseaux d’information. De plus, ces études ont négligé de manière générale la question du mode d’organisation politique et de la direction de ce type de révoltes populaires. L’opposition des paysans à la conscription était assimilée à une réaction spontanée d’habitants plus ou moins conscients de la portée réelle de leur action. Nous proposons de renverser cette perspective en mettant à l’avant-scène l’étude du groupe d’individus, dont certains sont des membres de l’élite locale, qui assurent la coordination de cette émeute. En somme, nous voulons montrer la dimension organisée et surtout hiérarchisée de cette contestation, de même que son insertion dans des horizons plus larges que celui de la communauté locale.This article sets out to revisit an historical event that has already been studied, the 1812 Lachine riot, by emphasizing the role, social profile and networks of the principal actors in the event, a popular protest against militia conscription in the western part of Island of Montreal at the outset of the War of 1812. Existing studies devoted to the riot, while disagreeing on whether the participants were justified in their actions, all present Lachine as a rural society cut off from the nearby town, its ideas and its information networks. What is more, these studies generally fail to examine the mode of political organization and the leadership of a popular revolt of this kind. The peasantry’s opposition to conscription is assumed to have been a spontaneous reaction on the part of inhabitants scarcely conscious of the wider implications of their actions. The alternative perspective proposed here involves focusing on the group coordinating the riot, some of whose members belonged to the local elite. The aim of the article is therefore to show how the protest was well organized and involved a hierarchy of groups. It was also open to wider horizons which extended beyond the local community

European Regional Convergence in a Human Capital Augmented Solow Model

In this paper, the process of productivity convergence is investigated for the enlarged European Union using regional (NUTS-2) data. The Solow model extended by human capital is employed as a workhorse. Alternative strategies are proposed to control for spatial effects. All specifications confirm the presence of convergence with an annual speed between 3 and 3.5 percent towards regional steady states. Furthermore, a geographically weighted regression approach indicates a wide variation in the speed of convergence across the regions, where a higher speed is striking in particular in France and the UK. Clusters of convergence can be identified, where regions with high convergence also have high initial income levels.Solow model, regional convergence, spatial lags, spatial filtering

Argotario: Computational Argumentation Meets Serious Games

An important skill in critical thinking and argumentation is the ability to spot and recognize fallacies. Fallacious arguments, omnipresent in argumentative discourse, can be deceptive, manipulative, or simply leading to `wrong moves' in a discussion. Despite their importance, argumentation scholars and NLP researchers with focus on argumentation quality have not yet investigated fallacies empirically. The nonexistence of resources dealing with fallacious argumentation calls for scalable approaches to data acquisition and annotation, for which the serious games methodology offers an appealing, yet unexplored, alternative. We present Argotario, a serious game that deals with fallacies in everyday argumentation. Argotario is a multilingual, open-source, platform-independent application with strong educational aspects, accessible at www.argotario.net.Comment: EMNLP 2017 demo paper. Source codes: https://github.com/UKPLab/argotari

Perceptual lateralization of vocal stimuli in goats

Functional asymmetries, for example, the preferential involvement of 1 brain hemisphere to process stimuli, may increase brain efficiency and the capacity to carry out tasks simultaneously. We investigated which hemisphere was primarily involved in processing acoustic stimuli in goats using a head-orienting paradigm. Three playbacks using goat vocalizations recorded in different contexts: food anticipation (positive), isolation (negative), food frustration (negative), as well as 1 playback involving dog barks (negative) were presented on the left and right sides of the test subjects simultaneously. The head-orienting response (left or right) and latency to resume feeding were recorded. The direction of the head-orienting response did not differ between the various playbacks. However, when the head-orienting response was tested against chance level, goats showed a right bias regardless of the stimuli presented. Goats responded more to dog barks than to food frustration calls, whereas responses to food anticipation and isolation calls were intermediate. In addition, the latency to resume feeding, an indicator of fear reaction, was not affected by the kind of vocalization presented. These results provide evidence for asymmetries in goat vocal perception of emotional-linked conspecific and heterospecific calls. They also suggest involvement of the left brain hemisphere for processing acoustic stimuli, which might have been perceived as familiar and non-threatening