33 research outputs found

    Proteomika membrane masne globule: kratki pregled biologije epitelnih stanica mlijeÄŤnih Ĺľlijezda

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    Lipids are released in milk as fat globules, which are droplets of apolar lipids surrounded by a complex membrane deriving from the mammary epithelial cell (MEC) and called the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). The structure of the MFGM is highly complex and closely related to the mechanisms of milk fat globule secretion in the mammary epithelial cell. Indeed, MFGM is composed of two biological membranes, a phospholipid monolayer, deriving from the endoplasmic reticulum, and a phospholipid bilayer, which originates from the apical plasma membrane of the MEC, with variable amounts of cytoplasm trapped between. Biochemical techniques (i.e. sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by different staining procedures) have been employed historically to characterize major MFGM proteins, namely MUC-1, fatty acid synthase, xanthine oxidase, butyrophilin, lactadherin, and adipophilin. However, recent advances in the field of proteomics (mostly development of one-dimensional gel electrophoresis approach coupled with tandem mass spectrometry) have led to the identification of hundreds of proteins associated with the MFGM. Surprisingly, newly identified MFGM proteins were not only involved in lipid metabolic or exocytosis-related biological processes, but also in cell signalling, translation, or host defense-related mechanisms. Therefore, the milk fat globule should no longer be viewed as an inert structure only devoted to the delivery of lipids to the newborn, but rather as a dynamic and informative compartment which can contribute to the improvement of our comprehension of the mammary gland biology.Lipidi se oslobađaju u mlijeku kao masne globule, tj. kapljice nepolarnih lipida okružene složenom membranom, koja se sastoji od epitelnih stanica mliječnih žlijezda, a nazivamo ju membrana masne globule. Struktura je te membrane iznimno složena, a utječe na mehanizam izlučivanja globule u epitelnu stanicu mliječne žlijezde. Sastavljena je od dviju bioloških membrana, fosfolipidnog sloja (koji potječe od endoplazmatskog retikuluma) i fosfolipidnog dvosloja (od plazmatske membrane epitelnih stanica vrha mliječne žlijezde), a između ta dva sloja nalazi se citoplazma različite debljine. Biokemijske su tehnike, poput SDS-PAGE s različitim postupcima bojanja, desetljećima primjenjivane za karakterizaciju glavnih proteina membrane masne globule, kao što su: MUC-1, sintaza masnih kiselina, ksantin oksidaza, BTN, MFG-E8 i ADPH. Novija dostignuća na polju protemike (većinom vezana uz razvoj 1D-LC-MS/MS metode) omogućila su identifikaciju stotinu proteina povezanih s membranom masne globule. Ti proteini sudjeluju u metabolizmu lipida i procesima egzocitoze, te u prenošenju signala, translaciji proteina i obrambenim mehanizmima domaćina. Stoga masnu globulu ne možemo više promatrati samo kao inertnu strukturu koja mastima opskrbljuje dojenčad već i kao dinamičan i informativan dio stanice, pomoću kojega se bolje može razumjeti biologija mliječnih žlijezda

    Biosynthèse des lipides du lait et mécanismes de régulation par des facteurs génétiques ou environnementaux

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    Lipids are released in milk as fat globules, which are droplets of apolar lipids surrounded by a complex membrane deriving from the mammary epithelial cell (MEC) and called the Milk Fat Globule Membrane (MFGM). The structure of the MFGM is highly complex and closely related to the mechanisms of milk fat globule secretion in the MEC. Indeed, MFGM is composed of two biological membranes, a phospholipid monolayer deriving from the endoplasmic reticulum and a phospholipid bilayer which originates from the apical plasma membrane of the MEC, with variable amounts of cytoplasm trapped between. We have characterized this complex membrane in several species, including the goat species or camelids. Newly identified MFGM proteins were not only involved in lipid metabolic or exocytosis-related biological processes, but also in cell signaling, translation, or host-defense related mechanisms. Therefore, the milk fat globule should no longer be viewed as an inert structure only devoted to the delivery of lipids to the newborn, but rather as a dynamic and informative compartment which can contribute to improve our comprehension on the mammary gland biologyLa cellule épithéliale mammaire (CEM) produit les lipides du lait par un mécanisme original en biologie. La synthèse des triglycérides du lait est initiée au niveau du réticulum endoplasmique de la CEM. Les gouttelettes lipidiques néoformées vont ensuite fusionner et migrer vers le pôle apical de la cellule pour être libérées sous la forme de globules gras, éléments figurant la matière grasse du lait. Après avoir caractérisé la composition fine de la membrane du globule gras dans différentes espèces (chèvre, jument, dromadaire), je m’attache désormais à mieux comprendre les mécanismes de biosynthèse des gouttelettes lipidiques, précurseurs des globules gras, dans la CEM et les effets de la génétique ou de l’environnement sur ces mécanismes de biosynthèse

    Milk Fat Globule Membrane Proteomics: A 'Snapshot' of Mammary Epithelial Cell Biology

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    Lipids are released in milk as fat globules, which are droplets of apolar lipids surrounded by a complex membrane deriving from the mammary epithelial cell (MEC) and called the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). The structure of the MFGM is highly complex and closely related to the mechanisms of milk fat globule secretion in the mammary epithelial cell. Indeed, MFGM is composed of two biological membranes, a phospholipid monolayer, deriving from the endoplasmic reticulum, and a phospholipid bilayer, which originates from the apical plasma membrane of the MEC, with variable amounts of cytoplasm trapped between. Biochemical techniques (i.e. sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by different staining procedures) have been employed historically to characterize major MFGM proteins, namely MUC-1, fatty acid synthase, xanthine oxidase, butyrophilin, lactadherin, and adipophilin. However, recent advances in the field of proteomics (mostly development of one-dimensional gel electrophoresis approach coupled with tandem mass spectrometry) have led to the identification of hundreds of proteins associated with the MFGM. Surprisingly, newly identified MFGM proteins were not only involved in lipid metabolic or exocytosis-related biological processes, but also in cell signalling, translation, or host defense-related mechanisms. Therefore, the milk fat globule should no longer be viewed as an inert structure only devoted to the delivery of lipids to the newborn, but rather as a dynamic and informative compartment which can contribute to the improvement of our comprehension of the mammary gland biology

    Analyse des protéines du lait des Camélidés par approches protéomique et moléculaire

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    Milk is known to provide an excellent nutrition and protection against infection. It contains a range of soluble and cellular components which provide essential nutriments. Milks from different species differ significantly as to their protective proteins content which plays a role in the protection to the developing animal and/or human.In spite of their richness and their considerable production, dromedary and llama milks remain products relatively not much consumed and transformed because insufficiently studied and emphasized. The objective of this study was to investigate and compare the protein composition of the different fractions of llama and dromedary milk.Skimmed llama and dromedary milk proteins were first characterized by a two dimensional separation technique coupling Reverse Phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography in the first dimension with sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the second dimension (RP-HPLC-SDS-PAGE). Milk proteins: caseins (αs1, αs2,β and κ caseins.) and some whey proteins like α-lactalbumin, lactoferin and serum albumin were identified using peptide mass fingerprinting.Llama and dromedary proteins milk were also characterized by on-line Reverse Phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) analysis. This approach allowed attributing precise molecular masses for most of the previously MS-identified milk proteins.We reported also the successful use of the Two-Dimensional gel Electrophoresis (2-DE) tool to identify over 45 protein spots present in the dromedary whey milk. De novo sequencing of the llama α-lactalbumin protein by Liquid Chromatography coupled with tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) showed the occurrence of two amino acid substitutions (R62L/I and K89L/I).Because in camelids, nothing is known about the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), we used 1D-LC-MS/MS to identify 322 and 187 functional groups of proteins associated with dromedary and llama milk respectively.Le lait est connu par sa valeur nutritionnelle et son excellent pouvoir protecteur contre les infections. Il contient des composants solubles et cellulaires qui fournissent des nutriments essentiels. Les laits de différentes espèces diffèrent selon leur composition en protéines.Malgré leur richesse et leur production, les laits de dromadaire et du lama demeurent des produits relativement peu consommés et transformés car insuffisamment étudié et mis en valeur. L'objectif de cette étude était d’étudier et de comparer la composition en protéines des différentes fractions du lait du dromadaire et du lama.Les protéines du lait écrémé de dromadaire et de lama ont d'abord été caractérisées par une technique de séparation en deux dimensions couplée à la chromatographie liquide en phase liquide à haute performance en première dimension suivie de l'électrophorèse sur gel de polyacrylamide en deuxième dimension (RP-HPLC -SDS- PAGE).Les protéines majeures du lait, les caséines αs1, αs2, β et κ ainsi que quelques protéines du lactosérum telles que l’α-lactalbumine, la lactoferrine et la sérum albumine ont été identifiées par carte d’empreinte peptidique.Les protéines du lait du lama et du dromadaire ont été aussi caractérisées par Chromatographie Liquide à Haute Performance en Phase inverse couplée à la Spectrométrie de Masse d’Ionisation Electrospray. Cette approche nous a permis d’attribuer les masses moléculaires précises pour la majorité des protéines identifiées précédemment par la spectrométrie de masse. De même, grâce à la technique d’électrophorèse bidimensionnelle sur gel (2-DE), nous avons pu identifier plus de 45 spots de protéines présentes dans le lactosérum du lait de dromadaire.Le séquençage de novo de l’α -lactalbumine du lama par la Chromatographie Liquide couplée à la Spectrométrie de Masse en tandem (LC-MS/MS) a montré la présence de deux substitutions d'acides aminés ( R62L / I et K89L / I ).Puisque les données sur la membrane de globules gras du lait des Camélidés sont inexistantes , nous avons utilisé dans la dernière partie de ce travail l’outil 1D- LC-MS/MS qui a permis d'identifier 322 et 187 groupes fonctionnels de protéines associées à la membrane de globules gras du lait de dromadaire et du lama respectivement

    Inter-species comparison of Milk Fat Globule Membrane proteins highlights the molecular diversity of lactadherin.

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    International audienceFat is present in milk as droplets of triacylglycerols surrounded by a complex membrane derived from the mammary epithelial cell called the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). In-depth proteomic studies have been published for bovine MFGM proteins. However, to date, only sparse studies exist on MFGM proteins from non-cow milk. We have therefore characterized MFGM proteins in goat, sheep, horse and camel milk and we have highlighted prominent differences across species, especially for lactadherin, a major protein of the milk fat globule membrane. Indeed, lactadherin from goat and sheep milk appears as a single polypeptide chain in 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), whereas two and four polypeptide chains are respectively identified for lactadherin from camel and horse milk. Implications of the findings, especially with regard to bioactive properties of milk are discussed

    Phosphoproteomics of the goat milk fat globule membrane: New insights into lipid droplet secretion from the mammary epithelial cell

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    Mechanisms of milk lipid secretion are highly controversial. Analyzing the fine protein composition of the “milk fat globule membrane” (MFGM), the triple-layered membrane surrounding milk lipid droplets (LDs) can provide mechanistic clues to better understand LD biosynthesis and secretion pathways in mammary epithelial cells (MECs). We therefore combined a high-sensitive Q-Exactive LC-MS/MS analysis of MFGM-derived peptides to the use of an in-house database intended to improve protein identification in the goat species. Using this approach, we performed the identification of 442 functional groups of proteins in the MFGM from goat milk. To get a more dynamic view of intracellular mechanisms driving LD dynamics in the MECs, we decided to investigate for the first time whether MFGM proteins were phosphorylated. MFGM proteins were sequentially digested by lysine-C and trypsin proteases and the resulting peptides were fractionated by a strong cation exchange chromatography. Titanium beads were used to enrich phosphopeptides from strong cation exchange chromatography eluted fractions. This approach lets us pinpoint 271 sites of phosphorylation on 124 unique goat MFGM proteins. Enriched GO terms associated with phosphorylated MFGM proteins were protein transport and actin cytoskeleton organization. Gained data are discussed with regard to lipid secretory mechanisms in the MECs. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001039 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD001039)

    Est-il possible d’utiliser la métabolomique du lait pour étudier de façon non invasive les voies de synthèse des constituants majeurs du lait ?

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    National audienceL’amélioration de la prédiction de la qualité du lait est un enjeu majeur pour la filière laitière. Le travail de modélisation des réseaux métaboliques (Abdou Arbi et al., 2014) a montré qu’il était nécessaire de mieux caractériser les variations du réseau de métabolites intermédiaires (issus de la glycolyse et du cycle de Krebs) pour prédire la répartition des nutriments dans les différentes voies de synthèses du lait. L’analyse métabolomique du lait par LC-MS-MS permet désormais l’identification d’un grand nombre de ces métabolites (Meyrand et al., 2013 ; Klein et al., 2013). Ce projet avait pour objectif d’évaluer l’intérêt d’une analyse qualitative puis de dosages quantitatifs et à haut débit des métabolites intermédiaires précurseurs des 3 constituants majeurs du lait (protéines, lactose, matières grasses). La première étape du travail (2017) a consisté à comparer 22 préparations différentes d’un même lait réalisées à l’UMR PEGASE, et à choisir, en interaction avec l’UMR LABERCA, la méthode d’analyse LC-MS-MS la plus adaptée. La préparation des échantillons suivante a été retenue car elle permettait d’obtenir le maximum de métabolites : lait écrémé pendant 15 min à 1500 g puis filtré à l’aide d’un filtre moléculaire [Vivaspin, Sartorius] à 1800 g pendant 45 min à 4°C. Les empreintes métaboliques ont été acquises par chromatographie liquide couplée à un spectromètre de masse de type Q-Exactive Orbitrap (Thermo Fisher Scientific) en mode d’ionisation Electrosray alternatif positif et négatif (ESI+ et ESI-, respectivement). La séparation chromatographique a été réalisée en chromatographie liquide haute performance (HPLC :1200 Infinity Series Agilent) avec une colonne SeQuant-ZIC-HILIC (5μm, 200A, 150*2.1mm, Merck KGaA). Cette méthode (LC-HRMS en HILIC+/-) a permis l’annotation de la plupart des métabolites listés lors du travail bibliographique préliminaire à l’exception des sucres phosphatés. Elle n’a cependant pas permis une séparation complète de ces métabolites du fait de la richesse des matrices, malgré des dilutions importantes avant l’injection. Les 16 échantillons de laits de vaches de l’essai d’Omphalius et al. (2019) ont ensuite été analysés en 2019 par une approche sans a priori sur 2657 ions en mode ESI+ et 2256 ions en mode ESI-. Deux analyses statistiques multivariées ont été utilisées : l’analyse en composantes principales (ACP) et l’analyse discriminante partielle par régression des moindres carrés (PLS-DA). Dans cet essai, l’apport d’énergie et l’apport de 3 acides aminés (AA : Lys, Met et His) dans les rations modifiaient significativement les synthèses de protéines (+ 8 % et + 7 %, respectivement), de matières grasses (+ 6 % et + 3 %) et de lactose (+ 7 % et NS). Aucune discrimination des traitements alimentaires (énergie x AA) n’a été mise en évidence en métabolomique, que ce soit avec l’ACP ou la PLS-DA. Pour l’analyse quantitative, nous avons comparé les résultats obtenus par LC-HRMS à l’analyse enzymatique par détermination fluorimétrique (Larsen et al., 2014) ciblée sur 12 métabolites du lait. Seul l’acide citrique présentait une identification non putative par LC-HRMS mais les résultats n’étaient pas corrélés (R2 < 0,1) à ceux obtenus par détermination fluorimétrique. Cette seconde analyse ciblée montrait pourtant que l’apport d’AA augmentait le ratio isocitrate sur citrate à bas niveau d’énergie (interaction) et avait tendance à diminuer la concentration de glucose-6-P et le ratio glucose-6-P sur glucose. En conclusion, l’analyse métabolomique par LC-HRMS en HILIC+/- n’a pas permis une séparation des métabolites d’intérêts telle que celle proposée par Meyrand et al. (2013)

    Identification of major milk fat globule membrane proteins from pony mare milk highlights the molecular diversity of lactadherin across species

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    Chantier qualité GAAlthough several studies have been devoted to the colloidal and soluble protein fractions of mare milk (caseins and whey proteins), to date little is known about the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) protein fraction from mare milk. The objective of this study was thus to describe MFGM proteins from Equidae milk and to compare those proteins to already described MFGM proteins from cow and goat milk. Major MFGM proteins (namely, xanthine oxidase, butyrophilin, lactadherin, and adipophilin) already described in cow or goat milk were identified in mare milk using mass spectrometry. However, species-specific peculiarities were observed for 2 MFGM proteins: butyrophilin and lactadherin. A highly glycosylated 70-kDa protein was characterized for equine butyrophilin, whereas proteins of 64 and 67 kDa were characterized for cow and goat butyrophilin, respectively. Prominent differences across species were highlighted for lactadherin. Indeed, whereas 1 or 2 polypeptide chains were identified, respectively, by peptide mass fingerprinting matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight analysis for caprine and bovine lactadherin, 4 isoforms (60, 57, 48, and 45 kDa) for lactadherin from mare milk were identified by 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE. Polymerase chain reaction experiments on lactadherin transcripts isolated from milk fat globules revealed the existence of 2 distinct lactadherin transcripts in the horse mammary gland. Cloning and sequencing of both transcripts encoding lactadherin showed an alternative use of a cryptic splice site located at the end of intron 5 of the equine lactadherin-encoding gene. This event results in the occurrence of an additional alanine (A) residue in the protein that disrupts a putative atypical N-glycosylation site (VNGC/VNAGC) described in human lactadherin. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry analyses confirmed the existence of both lactadherin variants in mare MFGM. We show here that lactadherin from Equidae milk is much more complex than that from Bovidae milk (i.e., cow and goat milk), therefore raising questions regarding the precise function of these different isoforms, if any, in the equine mammary gland
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