Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) spectrometer design and performance

The development of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) has been completed at JPL. This paper outlines the functional requirements of the spectrometer optics subsystem, and describes the spectrometer optical design. The optical subsystem performance is shown in terms of spectral modulation transfer functions, radial energy distributions, and system transmission at selected wavelengths for the four spectrometers. An outline of the spectrometer alignment is included

RESILIENT ROTHERHAM?

The notion of community resilience is complicated in part because both terms have many aspects. We have distinguished three types of community: of purpose, such as a political association, of culture, such as religion and of locality, such as a neighbourhood. Our primary interest in this report is with communities of locality. We have suggested a three-faceted model of resilience in which it is described as: of something, to something (a stressor), to an endpoint. Thus (local) community resilience is: of a neighbourhood or locality, to a stressor, such as an earthquake, to an endpoint, such as back-to-normal. The stressors faced by a community can be acute, such as an earthquake or the shutdown of a local employer, or chronic, such as long-term poverty and unemployment. Community resilience is most easily seen in relation to acute stressors in part because both the stressor and endpoint are fairly clear. It is less clear with chronic stressors mainly because the endpoint cannot be back-to-normal. We therefore suggested a distinction between as-you-were and as-you-should-be endpoints. An example of as-you-should-be resilience is where someone becomes a well-functioning adult despite abuse as a child. In relation to communities of locality, the as-you-should-be endpoint is roughly that they will provide places which enable rather than impede their members to live well, to flourish and to be happy. A local community is resilient to the extent that it does this in the face of stressors, such as poverty. Resilient communities can be identified by combining measures of individual wellbeing, such as quality of life and health, with indicators of stressors, such as deprivation. A resilient community is one that is deprived but in which people do better than average in regard to these measures. This method of identifying resilient communities is an outlier method; it depends on finding those better than average. One problem with this is that it does not give an objective measure of resilience; we could use it only to show that one community has become more resilient in relation to another, not that it has become more resilient per se. Final v7 23 This problem links to a more general problem with the literature on measuring, characterising and enhancing community resilience. This is that insufficient distinction is made between measures of how well people within a community are doing, i.e. their wellbeing, and of how resilient they are, i.e. their wellbeing given particular stressors. Thus most of the measures we identified in the literature as possible contributors to resilience were more like contributors to wellbeing. For example, measures to improve the built environment or social networks are better characterised as enhancing social capital and wellbeing rather than resilience. In practice, there seems likely to be a link between resilience and wellbeing. An individual or community without resilience to likely challenges would have precarious wellbeing

AVIRIS foreoptics, fiber optics and on-board calibrator

The foreoptics, fiber optic system and calibration source of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) are described. The foreoptics, based on a modified Kennedy scanner, is coupled by optical fibers to the four spectrometers. The optical fibers allow convenient positioning of the spectrometers in the limited space and enable simple compensation of the scanner's thermal defocus (at the -23 C operating temp) by active control of the fiber focal plane position. A challenging requirement for the fiber optic system was the transmission to the spectral range 1.85 to 2.45 microns at .45 numerical aperture. This was solved with custom fluoride glass fibers from Verre Fluore. The onboard calibration source is also coupled to the spectrometers by the fibers and provides two radiometric levels and a reference spectrum to check the spectrometers' alignment. Results of the performance of the assembled subsystems are presented

Assessing Residency Patterns and Trophic Ecology of Southern Flounder in Alabama\u27s Coastal Waters

Southern Flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) is an economically important species along the northern Gulf of Mexico. Over the last several years, Southern Flounder populations have experienced drastic declines. Analysis of natural tags, such as otolith chemistry and stable isotopes, can be used to examine habitat-specific contributions to commercial and recreational fisheries. A better understanding of habitat-use patterns and food web dynamics of this species could provide insight into habitat conservation and harvest regulations to promote sustainability of this species. Water and otolith chemistry were used to quantify the proportional contributions of various residency patterns to the commercial and recreational harvest of historic (2004 – 2007) and recent (2018 – 2019) Southern Flounder populations. Otolith strontium to calcium (Sr:Ca) values from laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were used to quantify age-specific and lifetime residency patterns for Southern Flounder across Alabama’s seasonal salinity gradient. Flounder were classified into one of three contingent types: freshwater, estuarine, or transient. Our results suggest that contributions to the commercial and recreational fisheries were predominately from estuarine habitats, and freshwater habitats were important during the settlement phase. Specifically, 3% of commercially and recreationally harvested flounder were lifetime freshwater contingents, but 57% utilized freshwater during the first year of life. We used bulk carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes, compound specific δ15N isotopes (AA-CSIA), and stomach content analysis (SCA) to determine trophic ecology and food web dynamics of Southern Flounder. We assigned location of harvest for commercially and recreationally harvested flounder using δ13C and δ15N values from fishery-independent samples. In agreeance with otolith chemistry, isotope analysis results indicated greater contributions to commercial and recreational fisheries from estuarine habitats than freshwater habitats. Additionally, flounder harvested in lower portions of Mobile Bay appear to be consuming prey at higher trophic levels than other areas along Alabama’s coastal waters

The Age Divide in UK Politics:A Working Paper Prepared for the Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust

In this paper, we update a previous analysis of the age divide in British politics to examine the trends over recent general elections. We revisit our analysis by interacting turnout by age with other key variables, such as gender, education, ethnicity and housing tenure, before examining how support for the main political parties varies by age. In the final section we respond to a tendency to explain away age differences as either simply about education or homeownership by interacting age, education and housing tenure tocreate 8 sub-groups of voters. We examine their voting patterns and their policy preferences to assess the relative independent weight of each factor in determining the main divides of our politics and the possible direction of travel in future elections. We conclude with a discussion of how the age divide in UK politics is theorised in the political science literature and where it could and should go next