Respuesta en campo de plantas de ‘Cavendish enano’ (Musa AAA) obtenidas mediante embriogénesis somática

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) has been developed in several species of plants with different objectives. Even though, the mass production of plants and the evaluation of field behaviour in big populations been achieved in few cases. Somatic embryogenesis has been developed in some cultivars of Musa spp. to facilitate protocols of genetic transformation. Though, this technique can be an alternative to increase the efficiency for mass production of in vitro plants to commercially scale for cultivation in productive areas. The aim of this paper was to defermine the fiel behaviour dwarf of Cavendish plants obtained by somatic embryogenesis. The evaluations were carried out about the stability of the some morphological and quantitative characters of the plants related to the yield components were evaluated. The agricultural yield, under production conditions, of this plants compared to plants derived from suckers, conventionally cultured, was also determined. Results indicated that plants obtained by SE presented very few indexes of morphological variation in both productive cycles. The agricultural yield was superior with regard to the plants obtained by suckers in both cycles. Results of a population evaluated of more than 5 000 plants, obtained by SE in the cultivar ‘Dwarf Cavendish’, constituted a reliable evidence to recommend this method as a viable alternative for the in vitro mass propagation of plants in this cultivar.Key words: mass propagation, phenotypic variation, yieldLa embriogénesis somática(ES) ha sido desarrollada en varias especies de plantas con diferentes objetivos, pero en pocos casos se ha logrado la producción masiva de plantas y la evaluación de su respuesta en campo en grandes poblaciones. En algunos cultivares de Musa spp. se ha desarrollado la embriogénesis somática para facilitar protocolos de transformación genética, pero esta técnica puede ser una alterativa que incremente la eficiencia de la producción masiva de plantas in vitro a escala comercial, para la siembra en áreas de producción. Se evaluó la estabilidad de los caracteres morfológicos y cuantitativos de las plantas relacionados con los componentes del rendimiento. Se determinó además, el rendimiento agrícola bajo condiciones de producción de las plantas en comparación con plantas obtenidas de cormos (C) como sistema convencional. Los resultados mostraron que las plantas obtenidas por embriogénesis somática presentaron bajos índices de variación morfológica en el primer ciclo productivo. Además, el rendimiento agrícola fue mayor con respecto a las plantas obtenidas de cormo en ambos ciclos productivos. Estos resultados de la evaluación de poblaciones de más de 5 000 plantas obtenidas por embriogénesis somática en el cultivar ‘Cavendish enano’, constituyen una evidencia confiable para recomendar este método como una alternativa viable para la propagación masiva de plantas en este cultivar.Palabras clave: propagación masiva, rendimiento, variación fenotípic

Estrategia de innovación tecnológica para el empleo de embriogénesis somática en medios de cultivo semisólido en Musa spp. y su impacto económico

Somatic embryogenesis as a propagation technology has been recognized by many authors as the future generation of plant regeneration on mass scale due to the advantages in production efficiency. However, specialized scientific literature has stated the problems faced by various experiences in the use of this technology. It highlights the presence of off-types plants and the few studies of plants in the field, which has limited its application in the in vitro plant production at a commercial scale. The Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas (IBP) developed a strategy of technological innovation that has been used for the past three years in the production at commercial scale of more than 300 000 in vitro plants of plantains and bananas (`Grande naine', `Dwarf Cavendish','FHIA 18' and 'FHIA 21'). Based on that experience, this paper aimed to show the economic advantages using somatic embryogenesis for plantain and banana propagation in semisolid culture media. Comparative analysis of the main concepts of production cost in somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis werw used. Results demostrated that the use of somatic embryogenesis as a mass production of plants technology is viable, efficient and a key tool for food production. Keywords: banana and plantain, biofactory, scaling technology.La embriogénesis somática como tecnología de propagación ha sido reconocida por muchos autores como la futura generación en la regeneración de plantas por biotecnología, a escala masiva, por las ventajas en la eficiencia productiva. Sin embargo, se han registrado en la literatura científica especializada los problemas que han confrontado diversas experiencias en su empleo. Se destacan los bajos porcentajes de germinación de los embriones somáticos formados, la presencia de plantas fuera de tipo y los pocos estudios de las plantas en campo, lo que ha limitado su aplicación en la producción de plantas in vitro a escala comercial. El Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas (IBP) concibió una estrategia de innovación tecnológica que viene aplicando durante los últimos tres años en el escalado para la producción comercial de más de 300 000 plantas in vitro de plátanos y bananos (`Grande naine', `Cavendish enano', `FHIA 18' y `FHIA 21'). El presente trabajo pretende mostrar las ventajas de la producción masiva de plantas in vitro de plátanos y bananos con el empleo de embriogénesis somática en medio de cultivo semisólido. Se realizaron análisis comparativos de los principales gastos de producción de la embriogénesis somática y la organogénesis. A partir de los resultados se constató que el empleo de embriogénesis somática como tecnología para la producción masiva de plantas es viable, eficiente y constituye una herramienta clave en la producción de alimentos. Palabras clave: bananos y plátanos, biofábrica, escalado de tecnología

Las ciencias sociales en el noreste de México.

Texto colectivo que incluye seis ensayos donde se reflexiona sobre el estado que guardan las ciencias sociales en el noreste de México: antropología, comunicación, economía, geografía, historia y sociología.Redactado por miembros del Grupo Gente (Grupo de Estudios sobre el Noreste de México y Texas) bajo la coordinación de César Morado y Lucila Hinojosa

COVID-19 outbreaks in a transmission control scenario: challenges posed by social and leisure activities, and for workers in vulnerable conditions, Spain, early summer 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 community-wide transmission declined in Spain by early May 2020, being replaced by outbreaks and sporadic cases. From mid-June to 2 August, excluding single household outbreaks, 673 outbreaks were notified nationally, 551 active (>6,200 cases) at the time. More than half of these outbreaks and cases coincided with: (i) social (family/friends’ gatherings or leisure venues) and (ii) occupational (mainly involving workers in vulnerable conditions) settings. Control measures were accordingly applied

Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60-80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies

Mapping genomic loci prioritises genes and implicates synaptic biology in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60–80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies

Interacciones comunicativas a través de Internet

ArtículoEl propósito de este trabajo es abordar algunas reflexiones acerca de cómo Internet se ha convertido en un medio que está transformando la cultura actual, por la influencia que tiene en la vida cotidiana de millones de seres humanos, pero sobre todo, por la posibilidad que brinda de nuevas formas de interacción comunicativap.283-30