Evolution of the Structure of Civil Judiciary in Bengal 1800-31.

In 1793 Cornwallis organised the Company's judiciary on a new basis. The salient features of its civil branch were the union of executive and judicial authorities at the top, the division of those functions in the Districts and their allocation to the Collector and the Judge separately, and the reliance on European agency for carrying out nearly the whole of the judicial administration. By 1831 the picture had changed drastically. The executive and judicial functions had been separated at the top but combined to a large extent in the Collectors of the Districts, and almost the entire original jurisdiction had been delegated to Indian Judges. Structural details had also been altered substantially. Two sets of tribunals, the Provincial Courts and the Courts of Registers, had become extinct. All these modifications came after 1800, on account of the failure of Cornwallis's system, and in the process of evolving a structure that would prove equal to the pressure of judicial business. The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of Calcutta had been restricted in 1781, in order to remove the grounds of conflict between the Court and the Bengal Government. But in many respects the Court's jurisdiction was still not clear. That the seeds of conflict remained is shown by the subsequent history of the Court. To provide the necessary background to this study of the evolution of the civil judiciary in Bengal between 1800 and 1831, a brief introductory chapter on the pre-Cornwallis period has been included, whilst in chapters on various elements of the Company's judicial structure it seemed desirable to begin by discussing the arrangements made during the Governor- Generalships of Hastings and Cornwallis. Similarly the chapter on relations between the Supreme Court and the Bengal Administration opens with an account of earlier conflicts between the Court and the Executive

Arylazoimidazole complexes of lead(II)-halide and their photochromism

Lead(II) complexes of 1-alkyl-2-(arylazo)imidazole (Raai-CnH2n+1), [Pb(Raai-CnH2n+1)X2] (X = Cl, Br, I; and Raai-CnH2n+1, R = H, Me and n = 4, 6, 8) have been characterized by UV-vis, IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The coordinated Raai-CnH2n+1 in the complexes undergoes E-to-Z (trans-to-cis) isomerisation about the –N=N– group upon being irradiated with UV light in DMF solution. The rate and quantum yields of E-to-Z photoisomerisation (fE®Z) of the complexes are poorer than the respective free ligand response and are also affected by the nature of halide present (Cl-, Br- and I-). Variation in physicochemical parameters may be correlated with the effective mass of the photochrome. The rate of isomerisation follows the sequence: [Pb(Raai-CnH2n+1)Cl2] < [Pb(Raai-CnH2n+1)Br2] < [Pb(Raai-CnH2n+1)I2]. The Z-to-E isomerisation has been carried out at varying temperatures (298–308 K) to determine the activation energy of Z-to-E (cis-to-trans) isomerisation (Ea: 47.09–63.42 kJ mol-1) and the entropy of activation (DS : 166.52 to –109.0 J mol-1 K-1) which is a large negative in the complexes. Theoretical calculation supports cleavage of Pb(II)-N(azo) bond followed by the –N=N– rotation in a three-coordinated symmetry rather than the four-coordinated symmetry

End-to-end thiocyanato-bridged helical chain polymer and dichlorido-bridged copper(II) complexes with a hydrazone ligand: synthesis, characterisation by electron paramagnetic resonance and variable- temperature magnetic studies, and inhibitory effects on human colorectal carcinoma cells

The reactions of the tridentate hydrazone ligand, N’-[1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene]acetohydrazide (HL), obtained by condensation of 2-acetylpyridine with acetic hyadrazide, with copper nitrate trihydrate in the presence of thiocyanate, or with CuCl2 produce two distinct coordination compounds, namely a one-dimensional helical coordination chain of [CuL(NCS)]n (1) units, and a doubly chlorido-bridged dinuclear complex [Cu2L2Cl2] (2) (where L=CH3C(O)=N − N=CCH3C5H4N). Single-crystal X-ray structural determination studies reveal that in complex 1, a deprotonated hydrazone ligand L- coordinates a copper(II) ion that is bridged to two neighbouring metal centres by SCN- anions, generating a one-dimensional helical coordination chain. In complex 2, two symmetry-related, adjacent copper(II) coordination entities are doubly chlorido-bridged, producing a dicopper entity with a Cu···Cu distance of 3.402 (1). The two coordination compounds have been fully characterised by elemental analysis, spectroscopic techniques including IR, UV– vis and electron paramagnetic resonance, and variable-temperature magnetic studies. The biological effects of 1 and 2 on the viability of human colorectal carcinoma cells (COLO-205 and HT-29) were evaluated using an MTT assay, and the results indicate that these complexes induce a decrease in cell-population growth of human colorectal carcinoma cells with apoptosis

Studies on Magnetic and Dielectric Properties of Antiferromagnetically Coupled Dinuclear Cu(II) in a One-Dimensional Cu(II) Coordination Polymer

A one-dimensional Cu(II) coordination polymer with encapsulated antiferromagnetically coupled binuclear Cu(II) has been synthesized by using 5-nitroisophthalic acid (5-N-IPA) and 4-aminopyridine (4-APY) [Cu2(5-N-IPA)2(4-APY)4] n (1). Electrical properties are examined by complex impedance (Z*), dielectric permittivity (ε*), and ac conductivity studies at different frequencies (10 kHz-5 MHz) and temperatures (253-333 K). The contribution of grain and grain boundary has been explained by a different theoretical model. The variable temperature magnetic susceptibility data for compound 1 were recorded between 300 and 2 K. The shape of the curve (χM T vs T) indicates dominant antiferromagnetic coupling, which results from the interaction between the copper(II) atoms

A mixed valent heterometallic Cu-II/Na-I coordination polymer with sodium-phenyl bonds

A mixed valent heterometallic Cu/Na coordination polymer (1) is generated by the reaction of a Schiff base ligand, (6,6′-(1E,1′E)-(2-hydroxypropane-1,3-diyl)bis(azan-1-yl-1-ylidene) bis(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)bis(2-methoxyphenol)) with copper(ii) acetate and sodium perchlorate. In addition to the presence of alcohol oxygen-sodium coordination bonds, the single crystal X-ray structure reveals that the 1D coordination polymer is stabilised by the formation of phenyl-sodium η-bonds, face-to-face π-π contacts and Cu-π interactions. This journal i

Synthesis, characterization, in vitro cytotoxic activity and molecular docking of dinuclear gold(I) complexes with terephthalaldehyde bis(thiosemicarbazones)

Four new bis(thiosemicarbazones) were synthesized and, by reaction with AuI, four dinuclear gold(I) complexes were obtained. Cytotoxic activity of both the ligands and the complexes against NCI-H460 (lung), A2780 and A2780cisR (ovarian) cancer cell lines and normal renal LLC-PK1 cells has been evaluated. The results indicate that the ligands do not show antiproliferative activity in the cell lines evaluated and the NCI-H460 line is only sensitive to the complex bearing cyclohexyl substituents. On the other hand, the four complexes display high cytotoxic activity towards A2780 and A2780 cisR and the complex with thiosemicarbazide could circumvent resistance to cisplatin. By contrast, none of the complexes show significant inhibition against the normal renal cell line LLC-PK1. Docking studies with carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (AICARFT) and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK2) for lung and ovarian cancer, respectively, show that the best binding affinity corresponds to complex 4, which is in agreement with the in vitro cytotoxicityThe authors thank MICINN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, for funding (Project PS09/00963) and Red de Excelencia MetalBio (CTQ2017-90802-REDT

Synthesis, antimicrobial activity and molecular docking of di‐ and triorganotin (IV) complexes with thiosemicarbazide derivatives

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Applied Organometallic Chemistry 33.2 (2019): e4700, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.4700. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions"Six organotin (IV) complexes with two ligands derived from 2,3‐butanedione and thiosemicarbazide have been synthesized and fully characterized by several spectroscopic techniques, including 119Sn NMR and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Reactions of the ligand diacetyl‐2‐(thiosemicarbazone)‐3‐(3‐ hydroxy‐2‐naphthohydrazone), L1 H2, with SnR2Cl2 (R = Me, Bu, Ph) lead to the obtaining of complexes 1–3 with general formula [SnR2L1 ] (R = Me 1, R = Bu 2, R = Ph 3), in which the ligand is doubly deprotonated and behaves as a N2SO donor, whereas from the reactions of diacetyl‐2‐thiosemicarbazone, HATs, with the same organotin precursors any complex could be isolated. By contrast, reaction of HATs with SnR3Cl induces the ligand cyclization to form a 1,2,4‐triazine‐3‐thione that binds to the metal as a monoanionic donor in a mono or bidentate manner to form compounds 4–6 with formula [SnR3L2 ] (R = Me 4, R = Bu 5, R = Ph 6). The antimicrobial activity of the ligands and the six complexes was tested towards bacteria and fungi, including clinical isolated strains. The results show that the ligands are devoid of activity, except HATs that displays activity against Bacillus subtilis. Conversely, the complexes exhibit good antimicrobial properties against Gram positive and negative bacteria, yeasts and moulds. The best results are obtained for complexes [SnBu3L2 ] 5 and [SnPh3L2 ] 6, indicating that their more lipophilic nature could play an important role in the ease of microbial cell penetration. In some cases, these complexes display similar or higher activity than that of ampicillin and miconazole, used as antibacterial and antifungal positive controls, respectively. Docking study with DHPS protein (S. aureus) has shown that out of six drugs, the compound 6 has the best binding affinity (−8.5 Kcal/mol)Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Grant/Award Number: CTQ2017‐90802‐RED