Foxg1 control of neuronal morphology

The architecture of neocortical projection neurons is subject of a complex gene control. Here we demonstrated that Foxg1, a transcription factor gene which patterns the early rostral brain and sets the pace of telencephalic neuronogenesis, specifically stimulates dendrite elongation. This phenomenon occurs in vivo like in vitro, and it is detectable even upon moderate changes of Foxg1 expression levels. We found that Foxg1 acts by (a) stimulating Hes1, which in turn upregulates the well-known prodendritogenic effector pCreb1, and (b) downregulating Syt and Ndr1, namely two established antagonizers of dendrite elongation. Foxg1 impact on Hes1 turned out to stem from direct transactivation and indirect derepression. The latter was mediated by knock-down of Nfia and Sirt1, which normally antagonize Hes1 transcription. Next, Foxg1-driven pCreb1 upregulation required PKA and AKT, and correlated with reduced PP1 and PP2A phosphatase activity. Finally, Foxg1/Hes1 circuitry mastering dendritogenesis included two key homeostatic branches, i.e. Hes1-dependent Foxg1 downregulation and Syt upregulation. These findings contribute to clarify normal neurodevelopmental and activityrelated regulation of neuritogenesis. They further suggest that an abnormal sizing of the dendritic tree of neocortical projection neurons may occur in West and Rett syndrome patients with anomalous FOXG1 allele dosages and contribute to their neuropathological profiles

Italian Penitentiary University Centers: Promoting The Inclusion Of Prisoners Through University Education.

This research aims to analyze the right to treatment and re-education of convicts through the instrument of university education. It is no coincidence that general education was put in the first place in the treatment process before religion and work, to emphasize the very instrument that would allow the development of the prisoner's sense of criticality and reflection. In fact, if we start from the axiom that prisoners must serve their sentence within a prison structure and that deprivation of liberty entails a more or less extended stay, it is essential to guarantee them dignified prison living conditions and, above all, that this period should be a precious opportunity for education and an opportunity to recover knowledge and professional training. In Italy, the first "official" course was organized in Padua in the 1960s in order to offer more opportunities to undertake academic studies within a penitentiary institution, while in 1998, the first University Penitentiary Pole (PUP) was founded in Turin. In order to offer more opportunities to undertake academic studies. From that date until today, 92 Prison Institutes have been set up, involving 30 Universities, 177 Departments, and 269 Degree Courses for a total of 926 (897 men, 29 women) students enrolled in the academic year 2019/20. The percentage of students enrolled in university prisons, out of the total prison population, is about 1%. Among them are different prisoners, people in external penal execution who have undertaken studies in prison and who continue them when they obtain benefits, prisoners that are serving their sentences in more restrictive regimes, such as high security and 41bis. This system is unparalleled in other countries in terms of its functional characteristics due to Memoranda of Understanding between the Department of Prison Administration (DAP), the Regional Prison Administration Offices (PRAP), and the various universities in the area

MANTUA HUMANISTIC STUDIES VI

taly pioneered deinstitutionalization 4O years ago, with the famous Law Number 180 in 1978. The mental health reform law abolished the psy- chiatric hospitals and gave back to people with mental issues the full right to citizenship. Mental health policies in Italy in the last four de- cades promoted the growth of community residential settings for people with mental disorders and aimed both at taking care of the suffering and promoting the recovery (balancing a better state of health and integra- tion without discrimination). Several residential solutions characterize the mental health systems with different levels of support and a variety of functions. Among the numerous solutions, supported housing could be defined as ultra-light. Supported housing allows people with mental health problems to relate but at the same time to undergo a light, more economical and more effective therapeutic and rehabilitative control. The drawback of the supported housing system is the local disparities: while virtuous regions have fully implemented not only national but also supranational norms regarding included society, instead in the unvirtuo- us regions families still support the full weight of assistance

WELFARE AND MARKET: A SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ANALYSIS

Social inclusion is a human right for all people, and it should take into consideration also people that manifest a severe psychiatric illness while incarcerated (rei folli). The United Nations Human Rights Committee has sustained the “positive obligation” of states to protect the rights of those whose vulnerability arises from their status, as prisoners deprived of their liberty. The recent constitutional court ruling No. 99 in 2019 goes in this direction. The recent court ruling maintains that some inmates with mental problems may best serve their court ruling outside the prison (e.g., mandatory postponement, optional deferment, home detention, assistance or residential facilities). Prison, for some inmates, can be a cause of severe pathologies and is now recognized as a possible detriment to mental health. The overcoming of the prejudicial wave that stigmatizes the recluse has taken place thanks to the Italian Constitutional Court through a process that has involved the NBC (National Bioethics Council), but above all the CEDU (European Court of Human Rights) that has focused and fined Italy, on the issue of prisons. The new penitentiary European system promotes the extramural execution of penalties. The European penitentiary policies are inspired partially by the Italian penitentiary, which has been modified thanks to two significant legislative changes, taken as a model by the WHO: the 1978 Basaglia reform (opening of asylums) and the Law No. 81 of 2014 (closing of the Forensic Psychiatric Hospitals (OPG)). With the Basaglia reform mental patients were freed from the mental hospitals and after Law No. 81, no citizen, male or female, has been sent in custody as a security measure to the OPG but in residences meant for the execution of security measures (REMS). To this path of inclusion of the mentally weaker, we must add the recent Constitutional Court Ruling No. 99 in 2019, the focus of this article, which has recognized the prison as a pathogen factor and allowed some inmates, with severe mental problems to serve their court ruling outside the prison and not inside the health units in the same prison. Thus, with this critical ruling, the judge has equated the physical pathology of prisoners with the mental pathology of prisoners. The sentence has effects not only for the insane offenders but also for having thrown light on the penitentiary institution until now considered a “Sancta Sanctorum” of the Italian penal system. The ruling is essential for the same recognition of health issues and mental illnesses. Mental issues of inmates were once neglected by the judiciary or used to reinforce security measures and contain social danger. This ruling is innovative also for having conceived the prison as an inappropriate place for inmates who have been diagnosed with a severe mental illness during detention. Imprisoning people with serious mental issues violates not only Art. 27 of the Constitution, but also the supreme and fundamental Art. 3 of the Convention on Human Rights. This last constitutional ruling confirms that the Constitutional Court has taken into consideration the previous decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) on the respect of the absolute prohibition of torture or inhuman or degrading treatment (ECHR, second section, sentence 17 November 2015, Bamouhammad against Belgium, paragraph 119; ECHR, Grand Chamber, the judgment of April 26, 2016, Murray v. Netherlands, paragraph 105; ECHR, the judgment of July 16, 2009, Ric. No. 22635/03, Sulejmanovic v. Italy; ECHR, the judgment of January 8, 2013, Ric. No. 43517/09, Torreggiani and Others v. Italy). The recent Constitutional Court Ruling No. 99 in 2019 affirms that in the event of a violation, it is mandatory for “the jurisdictional authority to provide for the interruption of imprisonment”, * Confirmed Researcher of Public Law, Faculty of Political Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Italy; Adjunct Professor of Institutions of Public Law and Regional Law, Professor of Public Law, PUP (Prison University Project), Secondigliano, Italy 16 remembering that the scope of the prohibition according to art. Three of the Convention on Human Rights must be extended to the entire prison system, including the prison psychiatric department because even in this place “degrading treatment could be practiced when the therapies are not appropriate, and the detention is prolonged for a significant period of time”. The long wave against prejudice also affects the Italian prison system, including the automatisms (absence of collaboration) that were deemed unacceptable because they precluded access to benefits (Art. 85, paragraph e) of the Law No. 103 of 2017 (Changes to the Criminal Code, the Criminal Procedure Code, and the Penitentiary System). The ruling of the EDU Court in the case of Marcello Viola v. Italy (No. 2), Ric. No. 77633/16, the sentence of June 13, 2019, condemned Italy for violating the Art. 3 Human Rights Convention, or the right of the prisoner to life imprisonment to not be subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment, and therefore, to enjoy discounts of penalty or benefit. Thanks to this last ECHR decision, the Italian legislator must modify the prison regulations accordingly and align several penitentiary institutions (e.g., the special detention regime) to the international human rights standards. The ECHR maintains that inmates should enjoy all the rights internationally recognized as fundamental, from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and subsequently from the two international covenants, on civil and political rights, and economic, social and cultural rights (implemented in 1976). European penitentiary policies, however, are modifying the rigid system of security measures – at the moment without affecting the granite Criminal Code Rocco – with rapidity and effectiveness. However, in Italy, the path to the recognition of human, political and civil rights to inmates is still long and tortuous since it can only be reached through the revision of “double track” of the Criminal Code of 1930 (the articles of the Rocco Code are still in force). The recent Italian Constitutional Court Ruling No. 99 was a big step in the direction of recognition of human rights of prisoners; however, Italy in this period is going through the rising tide of penal populism that strongly affects the legislator. Concrete examples of the recent change in the cultural climate on security can be found in the decree-law on the subject of public order and security (Decree-Law No. 53 of June 2019); starting from the changes to the penal code and other provisions on the matter of legitimate defense (Law No. 36 of April 26, 2019); the decree on international protection and immigration, public safety (Decree-Law No. 113 of October 4, 2018, converted with modifications with Law No. 132 of December 1, 2018); finally, the urban security decree (Decree-Law No. 14 of February 20, 2017). Therefore, though the Court Ruling No. 99 was jurisprudentially very progressive, the path of inclusion of the mentally weaker inmates has to face a rise of penal populism in Italy – the public generally tends to prefer punitive policies in the field of criminal justice. Italian society is changing sharply towards a position of closure to foreigners, but also towards social policies, strongly compressed in favor of other more perceptible and politically palatable initiatives

Nutritional characterization of gluten free non-traditional pasta

When a food is formulated, its characterization is important from the chemical and biochemical point of view; even more whennon-traditional raw materials are used. Noodles were made with cassava starch and corn flour (4:1), milk, egg, salt and xanthangum. The chemical composition of the pasta was determined and the total and resistant starch content was quantified. Thehydrolysis rate of the starch was measured at different times, from which the hydrolysis index and, subsequently, the predictiveglycemic index was calculated. The chemical composition of the noodles showed its high content of total fibers. From thedigestibility tests, high values were obtained for proteins (93%), and average values for the starch (52%). The results of the starchhydrolysis kinetics showed a higher proportion of slowly digestible starch with a low glycemic index (46%). Analyzed noodles arewithin the dietary guidelines that suggest a diet with high total dietary fiber content and low glycemic index.Fil: Milde, Laura Beatríz. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Chigal, Paola Soledad. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Chiola Zayas, Maria Ofelia. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales; Argentin

Analysis of Lean Six Sigma in the Army contracting process

Joint Applied ProjectThe purpose of this MBA Project is to investigate Lean Six Sigma (LSS) as it pertains to contracting processes. This project will analyze whether or not LSS is an efficient and effective process to achieve the Army's goal of successful Business Transformation. The project will discuss the vision of the Defense (DoD) and the Army for Business Transformation and what is being done to achieve their goals. Research will focus on whether LSS is working and what, if anything can be done to supplement progress. The DoD is one of the largest and most complex organizations in the world. Transforming the Department's business operations and aligning its strategy, controls, people, processes and technology to truly effect this transformation is an enormous challengehttp://archive.org/details/analysisoflesixs109451058

American Looking: A Collection of Personal Essays on the Middle East

A collection of personal essays which are theoretically and thematically grounded in concepts of the Middle East as constructed, deconstructed, and rebuilt in the mind of an America

Intraventricular Transplantation of Engineered Neuronal Precursors for In Vivo Neuroarchitecture Studies

Gene control of neuronal cytoarchitecture is currently the subject of intensive investigation. Described here is a simple method developed to study in vivo gene control of neocortical projection neuron morphology. This method is based on (1) in vitro lentiviral engineering of neuronal precursors as "test" and "control" cells, (2) their co-transplantation into wild-type brains, and (3) paired morphometric evaluation of their neuronal derivatives. Specifically, E12.5 pallial precursors from panneuronal, genetically labeled donors, are employed for this purpose. They are engineered to take advantage of selected promoters and tetON/OFF technology, and they are free-hand transplanted into neonatal lateral ventricles. Later, upon immunofluorescence profiling of recipient brains, silhouettes of transplanted neurons are fed into NeurphologyJ open source software, their morphometric parameters are extracted, and average length and branching index are calculated. Compared to other methods, this one offers three main advantages: it permits achieving of fine control of transgene expression at affordable costs, it only requires basic surgical skills, and it provides statistically reliable results upon analysis of a limited number of animals. Because of its design, however, it is not adequate to address non cell-autonomous control of neuroarchitecture. Moreover, it should be preferably used to investigate neurite morphology control after completion of neuronal migration. In its present formulation, this method is exquisitely tuned to investigate gene control of glutamatergic neocortical neuron architecture. Taking advantage of transgenic lines expressing EGFP in other specific neural cell types, it can be re-purposed to address gene control of their architecture

La compassione

In occasione della presentazione del libro del prof. Guido Trombetti "La Compassione" si è aperta una discussione sul tema della pena e della rieducazione

Introducing the SlowDrop Attack

In network security, Denial of Service (DoS) attacks target network systems with the aim of making them unreachable. Last generation threats are particularly dangerous because they can be carried out with very low resource consumption by the attacker. In this paper we propose SlowDrop, an attack characterized by a legitimate-like behavior and able to target different protocols and server systems. The proposed attack is the first slow DoS threat targeting Microsoft IIS, until now unexploited from other similar attacks. We properly describe the attack, analyzing its ability to target arbitrary systems on different scenarios, by including both wired and wireless connections, and comparing the proposed attack to similar threats. The obtained results show that by executing targeted attacks, SlowDrop is successful both against conventional servers and Microsoft IIS, which is closed source and required us the execution of so called \u201cnetwork level reverse engineering\u201d activities. Due to its ability to successfully target different servers on different scenarios, the attack should be considered an important achievement in the slow DoS field