The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia

By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asians is a prehistoric genetic gradient between people related to early hunter-gatherers of Iran and Southeast Asia. After the Indus Valley Civilization’s decline, its people mixed with individuals in the southeast to form one of the two main ancestral populations of South Asia, whose direct descendants live in southern India. Simultaneously, they mixed with descendants of Steppe pastoralists who, starting around 4000 years ago, spread via Central Asia to form the other main ancestral population. The Steppe ancestry in South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of people that affected both regions and that likely spread the distinctive features shared between Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages

Improvement of methodical bases of managing organizational development of a construction enterprise

В статье рассматриваются основные понятия, связанные с организационным развитием предприятий строительной отрасли, излагается авторский вариант формирования объекта управления организационным развитием строительного предприятия, основанный на процедуре выбора организационных элементов, наиболее подверженных влиянию планируемых перемен; разработан алгоритм организационного развития, позволяющий планировать и оценивать организационное состояние строительного предприятия в процессе перехода его из одного состояния в другое в соответствии с предложенной технологией управления организационного развития на основе определения текущего и будущего организационного состояния строительного предприятия с учетом специфики развития его организационных элементов.The article deals with the basic concepts related to organizational development in construction industry. The article highlights the author's version of a form of managing organizational development of a construction enterprise, based on the selection process of organizational elements, most exposed to planned changes; the algorithm of organizational development, which helps to track and evaluate the organizational state of a construction company in the process of its transition from one state to another in accordance with the proposed technology of managing organizational development by identifying current and future organizational state of the construction company, taking into account the specifics of the development of its organizational elements

Development of company`s strategy based on the balanced scorecard system

В данной статье представлены результаты исследований, проведенных группой авторов, по актуальной проблеме практической реализации процесса стратегического управления организацией в условиях нарастающих изменений во внешней среде. Целью представленного исследования является разработка методического подхода формирования стратегии организации на основе сбалансированной системы показателей. В процессе работы применялись различные методы научного исследования: системный анализ, логический метод, общенаучные методы познания (анализ, обобщение, синтез), методы финансовых вычислений, метод экспертных оценок, статистического и экономического анализа и многие другие. В рамках научной работы изучена сущность стратегического управления организацией, определены минимально необходимые этапы процесса стратегического управления, проведен критический анализ подходов к процессу формирования стратегии, обобщены основные недостатки существующих методов выбора стратегии организации, сформулированы и обоснованы основные принципы формирования стратегии, а также обосновано применение сбалансированной системы показателей в качестве методической основы разработки стратегии современных компаний. В результате проведенного исследования предложен методический подход формирования стратегии организации на основе сбалансированной системы показателей, по предложенной методике разработана стратегия предприятия «Автоград Престиж», и проведена оценка эффективности ее реализации. Научная новизна результатов исследования заключается в том, что сформулированы и обоснованы основные принципы разработки стратегии организации и предложен методический подход формирования стратегии организации на основе сбалансированной системы показателей. Теоретическая и практическая значимость полученных результатов состоит в том, что разработан понятный и доступный для использования методический подход к разработке стратегии организации на основе сбалансированной системы показателей. Предложенная в рамках исследования методика прошла апробацию и используется в системе управления ООО "Автоград-Престиж".The article presents the results of the research conducted by a group of authors about the current issues of strategic corporate management implementation in constantly changing environment. The aim of the study is to develop a methodological approach to the formation organization strategy based on the Balanced Scorecard. Different methods of scientific research were used for the study: a systematic analysis, logical method, general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, generalization, and synthesis), methods of financial computation, expert assessment, statistical and economic analysis, and many others.The nature of the strategic management of the organization was studied during of the research alomg with defining the minimum necessary steps in the process of strategic management; also a critical analysis of different approaches to the strategy formation was carried out. The research report summarizes the main disadvantages of the existing methods of selecting the organization strategy, highlights and justifies the basic principles of the strategy formation, and substantiates the use of Balanced Scorecards as a methodical basis for strategy development in modern companies. Based on this research the authors proposed a methodological approach to the organization’s strategy formation with the use of Balanced Scorecards and developed a strategy for «Avtograd Prestige» company according to it and then assessed the effectiveness of its implementation.The scientific novelty of the study lies in outline and justification of the basic principles of organization strategy development, and the fact that methodical approach to the organization strategy formation was proposed based on the Balanced Scorecard. The research results have theoretical and practical value, as the suggested methodical approach is coherent and easy to use for the development of the organization strategy, based on the Balanced Scorecard. The proposed methodology has been tested in practice and is currently used in the management system of «Avtograd Prestige» company

Formation of the integrated approach to the assessment of the socio-economic development of regions

The integrated approach to the assessment of the socio-economic development of subjects of the Russian Federation, which is characterized by systematic character and novelty, is presented in the article. This approach is based on the modern techniques used in this sphere. The main purpose of the comprehensive assessment of a region's socio-economic development level is the elaboration of a possible solution for the strategic development issues taking into account spatial, geographical, natural, socioinstitutional and other features. The authors propose to estimate the socio-economic climate of the subjects of the Russian Federation by the average values of socio-economic indexes for the three-year period. For comparability of multitemporal indicators and regional distinctions, the indicators measured in monetary units are transformed in the form of their relation to the cost of the fixed set of consumer goods and services. In addition, we estimate the dynamics of comparable indicators in absolute and relative expression and introduce scales for the assessment of the dynamics of socio-economic situation and a level of quality (stability) of dynamics. On the basis of this technique, the authors examine the socio-economic situation of territorial subjects of the Russian Federation in 2012-2014. As a result, we have revealed one of the problems of socio-economic development - the imbalance of the dynamics of the main socio-economic indexes. In the studied period, 7 regions have shown moderate or high growth of the integrated indicator (not less than 9 %), but in 4 of them, the growth was unbalanced of poor quality. Moreover, further 11 regions have shown a considerable and unbalanced decrease in the social-economic situation. This has been revealed on the basis of the integrated indicator. Thus, the offered approach can be applied for an assessment of the level of socio-economic development in Russian regions in medium-term prospect. It can be used for the development of the basic methodological statements as well as for the identification of cause-effect relationship and justification of the priority directions for the development of the subjects of the Russian Federation.Дан анализ современных подходов к оценке уровня регионального развития. Представлен комплексный подход к оценке социально-экономического развития субъектов Российской Федерации, который характеризуется системностью и новизной и базируется на современных методиках, используемых в данной сфере.The article has been prepared within the project Elaboration of the priority directions for the socio-economic development of the region with the support of the Grant of Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation No 15-12-43002 and the Government of Kirov r

The genomic formation of South and Central Asia

The genetic formation of Central and South Asian populations has been unclear because of an absence of ancient DNA. To address this gap, we generated genome-wide data from 362 ancient individuals, including the first from eastern Iran, Turan (Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan), Bronze Age Kazakhstan, and South Asia. Our data reveal a complex set of genetic sources that ultimately combined to form the ancestry of South Asians today. We document a southward spread of genetic ancestry from the Eurasian Steppe, correlating with the archaeologically known expansion of pastoralist sites from the Steppe to Turan in the Middle Bronze Age (2300-1500 BCE). These Steppe communities mixed genetically with peoples of the Bactria Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) whom they encountered in Turan (primarily descendants of earlier agriculturalists of Iran), but there is no evidence that the main BMAC population contributed genetically to later South Asians. Instead, Steppe communities integrated farther south throughout the 2nd millennium BCE, and we show that they mixed with a more southern population that we document at multiple sites as outlier individuals exhibiting a distinctive mixture of ancestry related to Iranian agriculturalists and South Asian hunter-gathers. We call this group Indus Periphery because they were found at sites in cultural contact with the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) and along its northern fringe, and also because they were genetically similar to post-IVC groups in the Swat Valley of Pakistan. By co-analyzing ancient DNA and genomic data from diverse present-day South Asians, we show that Indus Periphery-related people are the single most important source of ancestry in South Asia —} consistent with the idea that the Indus Periphery individuals are providing us with the first direct look at the ancestry of peoples of the IVC {— and we develop a model for the formation of present-day South Asians in terms of the temporally and geographically proximate sources of Indus Periphery-related, Steppe, and local South Asian hunter-gatherer-related ancestry. Our results show how ancestry from the Steppe genetically linked Europe and South Asia in the Bronze Age, and identifies the populations that almost certainly were responsible for spreading Indo-European languages across much of Eurasia