APACHE II medido na saída dos pacientes da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva na previsão da mortalidade

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the performance of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II), measured based on the data from the last 24 hours of hospitalization in ICU, for patients transferred to the wards. METHOD: an observational, prospective and quantitative study using the data from 355 patients admitted to the ICU between January and July 2010, who were transferred to the wards. RESULTS: the discriminatory power of the AII-OUT prognostic index showed a statistically significant area beneath the ROC curve. The mortality observed in the sample was slightly greater than that predicted by the AII-OUT, with a Standardized Mortality Ratio of 1.12. In the calibration curve the linear regression analysis showed the R2 value to be statistically significant. CONCLUSION: the AII-OUT could predict mortality after discharge from ICU, with the observed mortality being slightly greater than that predicted, which shows good discrimination and good calibration. This system was shown to be useful for stratifying the patients at greater risk of death after discharge from ICU. This fact deserves special attention from health professionals, particularly nurses, in managing human and technological resources for this group of patients.OBJETIVO: analizar el desempeño del Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II), medido con base en los datos de la últims 24 horas de internación en la UTI, en los pacientes con transferencia para las enfermerías. MÉTODO: estudio observacional, prospectivo y cuantitativo con datos de 355 pacientes admitidos en la UTI entre enero y julio de 2010 que fueron transferidos para las enfermerías. RESULTADOS: el poder discriminatorio del índice pronóstico AII-SALIDA demostró un área debajo de la curva ROC estadísticamente significativa. La mortalidad observada en la muestra fue discretamente mayor que la prevista por el AII-SALIDA, con una Razón de Mortalidad Estandarizada de 1,12. En la curva de calibración, el análisis de la regresión linear demostró que el valor de R2 fue estadísticamente significativo. CONCLUSÍON: el AII-SALIDA fue capaz de predecir la mortalidad después de la salida de la UTI, siendo la observada discretamente mayor que la prevista, demostrando buena discriminación y buena calibración. Este sistema demostró ser útil para estratificar los pacientes con mayor riesgo de muerte después de la salida de la UTI. Este hecho merece especial atención de los profesionales de la salud, particularmente de los enfermeros, en la gestión de recursos humanos y tecnológicos para este grupo de pacientes.OBJETIVO: analisar o desempenho do Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, medido com base nos dados das últimas 24 horas de internação na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, nos pacientes com transferência para as enfermarias. MÉTODO: estudo observacional, prospectivo e quantitativo com dados de 355 pacientes, admitidos na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva entre janeiro e julho de 2010 que foram transferidos para as enfermarias. RESULTADOS: o poder discriminatório do índice prognóstico AII-SAÍDA demonstrou área sob a curva ROC estatisticamente significante. A mortalidade observada na amostra foi discretamente maior que a prevista pelo AII-SAÍDA, com Razão de Mortalidade Padronizada de 1,12. Na curva de calibração, a análise da regressão linear demonstrou que o valor de R2 foi estatisticamente significante. CONCLUSÃO: o AII-SAÍDA foi capaz de prever a mortalidade, após a saída da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, sendo a observada discretamente maior que a prevista, demonstrando boa discriminação e boa calibração. Esse sistema demonstrou ser útil para estratificar os pacientes com maior risco de óbito, após a saída da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Tal fato merece especial atenção dos profissionais de saúde, particularmente dos enfermeiros, na gestão de recursos humanos e tecnológicos para esse grupo de pacientes

Transfusion practices in brazilian Intensive Care Units (pelo FUNDO-AMIB)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anemia of critical illness is a multifactorial condition caused by blood loss, frequent phlebotomies and inadequate production of red blood cells (RBC). Controversy surrounds the most appropriate hemoglobin concentration trigger for transfusion of RBC. We aimed to evaluate transfusion practices in Brazilian ICUs. METHODS: A prospective study throughout a 2-week period in 19 Brazilian ICUs. Hemoglobin (Hb) level, transfusion rate, organ dysfunction assessment and 28-day mortality were evaluated. Primary indication for transfusion and pretransfusion hemoglobin level were collected for each transfusion. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty-one patients with an ICU length of stay longer than 48h were included. An Hb level lower than 10 g/dL was found in 33% on admission in the ICU. A total of 348 RBC units were transfused in 86 patients (36.5%). The mean pretransfusion hemoglobin level was 7.7 ± 1.1 g/dL. Transfused-patients had significantly higher SOFA score (7.9 ± 4.6 vs 5.6 ± 3.8, p < 0.05, respectively), days on mechanical ventilation (10.7 ± 8.2 vs 7.2 ± 6.4, p < 0.05) and days on vasoactive drugs (6.7 ± 6.4 vs 4.2 ± 4.0, p < 0.05) than non-transfused patients despite similar APACHE II scores (15.2 ± 8.1 vs 14.2 ± 8.1, NS). Transfused patients had higher mortality rate (43.5%) than non-transfused patients (36.3%) (RR 0.60-1.15, NS). Only one patient (0.28%) had febrile non-hemolytic transfusion and urticarial reactions. CONCLUSIONS: Anemia is common in critically ill patients.It seems from the present study that transfusion practices in Brazil have had a more restrictive approach with a lower limit transfusion trigger.JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A anemia é uma condição comum em pacientes graves. A transfusão de hemoderivados aumenta de forma significativa o risco de transmissão de agentes infecciosos e afeta o perfil imunológico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a incidência de anemia e a prática de transfusão de hemácias em UTI brasileiras. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo, multicêntrico, realizado em 19 UTI em um período de duas semanas. A presença de anemia, as indicações e a utilização de concentrados de hemácias, foram avaliadas diariamente. As complicações que ocorreram durante a internação na UTI e após a transfusão da primeira unidade de concentrado de hemácias foram registradas. RESULTADOS: Um total de 33% apresentava anemia na admissão na UTI e esta proporção aumentou para 55% no final de sete dias de internação. Um total de 348 unidades de concentrado de hemácias foi transfundido em 86 pacientes (36,5%). A média de suas unidades por paciente foi 4,1 ± 3,3 U. O nível de hemoglobina limiar para a transfusão de CH foi 7,7 ± 1,1 g/dL. Pacientes transfundidos tinham mais disfunções orgânicas avaliadas pelo escore SOFA (7,9 ± 4,6 versus 5,6 ± 3,8, transfundidos versus não transfundidos, p < 0,05). As taxas de mortalidade foram 43,5% e 36,3% em pacientes transfundidos e não transfundidos, respectivamente (RR 0,61-11,7, NS). Pacientes transfundidos tiveram número maior de complicações (1,58 ± 0,66 versus 1,33 ± 0,49, p = 0,0001). CONCLUSÕES: A anemia é comum em UTI brasileiras. O limiar transfusional de hemoglobina foi menor do que o observado em outros paises.Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio PretoUniversidade de São PauloUFRGS Departamento de Medicina Interna HC de Porto AlegreUniversidade Paris VIUFRJ CTI dos Hospitais Cardiotrauma Ipanema e São LucasAMIBUniversidade Estadual de LondrinaUFRGS FAMED HCPAFaculdade de Medicina de CatanduvaUNIFESP-EPMFundação Padre Albino UTI do Complexo HospitalarUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Disciplina de Anestesiologia, Dor e Terapia Intensiva Setor de TerapiaSanta Casa de Misericórdia de São PauloHospital Unimed de LimeiraUTI do Hospital Regional de AssisAMIB Departamento de MedicinaAmerican CollegeFundação Getúlio VargasHospital Pró CardíacoUNIRIOFGVHospital Santa Helena de GoiâniaHospital evangélico de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim Unidade coronarianaSBNHospital Evangélico Cachoeiro de Itapemirim UTI Adulto e CoronarianaUFRJUFRN Hospital Onofre Lopes UTIHospital Novo AtibaiaUNIFESP, EPMUNIFESP, Disciplina de Anestesiologia, Dor e Terapia Intensiva Setor de TerapiaSciEL

Influence of time elapsed from end of emergency surgery until admission to intensive care unit, on Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) prediction and patient mortality rate

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Patients are often admitted to intensive care units with delay in relation to when this service was indicated. The objective was to verify whether this delay influences hospital mortality, length of stay in the unit and hospital, and APACHE II prediction. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective and accuracy study, in intensive care unit of Santa Casa de São Paulo, a tertiary university hospital. METHODS: We evaluated all 94 patients admitted following emergency surgery, from August 2002 to July 2003. The variables studied were APACHE II, death risk, length of stay in the unit and hospital, and hospital mortality rate. The patients were divided into two groups according to the time elapsed between end of surgery and admission to the unit: up to 12 hours and over 12 hours. RESULTS: The groups were similar regarding gender, age, diagnosis, APACHE II score and hospital stay. The death risk factors were age, APACHE II and elapsed time (p < 0.02). The mortality rate for the over 12-hour group was higher (54% versus 26.1%; p = 0.018). For the over 12-hour group, observed mortality was higher than expected mortality (p = 0.015). For the up to 12-hour group, observed and expected mortality were similar (p = 0.288). CONCLUSION: APACHE II foresaw the mortality rate among patients that arrived faster to the intensive care unit, while the mortality rate was higher among those patients whose admission to the intensive care unit took longer

Evaluation of APACHE II system among intensive care patients at a teaching hospital

CONTEXT: The high-complexity features of intensive care unit services and the clinical situation of patients themselves render correct prognosis fundamentally important not only for patients, their families and physicians, but also for hospital administrators, fund-providers and controllers. Prognostic indices have been developed for estimating hospital mortality rates for hospitalized patients, based on demographic, physiological and clinical data. OBJECTIVE: The APACHE II system was applied within an intensive care unit to evaluate its ability to predict patient outcome; to compare illness severity with outcomes for clinical and surgical patients; and to compare the recorded result with the predicted death rate. DESIGN: Diagnostic test. SETTING: Clinical and surgical intensive care unit in a tertiary-care teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: The study involved 521 consecutive patients admitted to the intensive care unit from July 1998 to June 1999. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: APACHE II score, in-hospital mortality, receiver operating characteristic curve, decision matrices and linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 50 &plusmn; 19 years and the APACHE II score was 16.7 &plusmn; 7.3. There were 166 clinical patients (32%), 173 (33%) post-elective surgery patients (33%), and 182 post-emergency surgery patients (35%), thus producing statistically similar proportions. The APACHE II scores for clinical patients (18.5 &plusmn; 7.8) were similar to those for non-elective surgery patients (18.6 &plusmn; 6.5) and both were greater than for elective surgery patients (13.0 &plusmn; 6.3) (p < 0.05). The higher this score was, the higher the mortality rate was (p < 0.05). The predicted death rate was 25.6% and the recorded death rate was 35.5%. Through the use of receiver operating curve analysis, good discrimination was found (area under the curve = 0.80). From the 2 x 2 decision matrix, 72.2% of patients were correctly classified (sensitivity = 35.1%; specificity = 92.6%). Linear regression analysis was equivalent to r² = 0.92. CONCLUSIONS: APACHE II was useful for stratifying these patients. The illness severity and death rate among clinical patients were higher than those recorded for surgical patients. Despite the stratification ability of the APACHE II system, it lacked accuracy in predicting death rates. The recorded death rate was higher than the predicted rate

Evaluation of APACHE II system among intensive care patients at a teaching hospital

CONTEXT: The high-complexity features of intensive care unit services and the clinical situation of patients themselves render correct prognosis fundamentally important not only for patients, their families and physicians, but also for hospital administrators, fund-providers and controllers. Prognostic indices have been developed for estimating hospital mortality rates for hospitalized patients, based on demographic, physiological and clinical data. OBJECTIVE: The APACHE II system was applied within an intensive care unit to evaluate its ability to predict patient outcome; to compare illness severity with outcomes for clinical and surgical patients; and to compare the recorded result with the predicted death rate. DESIGN: Diagnostic test. SETTING: Clinical and surgical intensive care unit in a tertiary-care teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: The study involved 521 consecutive patients admitted to the intensive care unit from July 1998 to June 1999. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: APACHE II score, in-hospital mortality, receiver operating characteristic curve, decision matrices and linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 50 ± 19 years and the APACHE II score was 16.7 ± 7.3. There were 166 clinical patients (32%), 173 (33%) post-elective surgery patients (33%), and 182 post-emergency surgery patients (35%), thus producing statistically similar proportions. The APACHE II scores for clinical patients (18.5 ± 7.8) were similar to those for non-elective surgery patients (18.6 ± 6.5) and both were greater than for elective surgery patients (13.0 ± 6.3) (p < 0.05). The higher this score was, the higher the mortality rate was (p < 0.05). The predicted death rate was 25.6% and the recorded death rate was 35.5%. Through the use of receiver operating curve analysis, good discrimination was found (area under the curve = 0.80). From the 2 x 2 decision matrix, 72.2% of patients were correctly classified (sensitivity = 35.1%; specificity = 92.6%). Linear regression analysis was equivalent to r² = 0.92. CONCLUSIONS: APACHE II was useful for stratifying these patients. The illness severity and death rate among clinical patients were higher than those recorded for surgical patients. Despite the stratification ability of the APACHE II system, it lacked accuracy in predicting death rates. The recorded death rate was higher than the predicted rate

Padronização do desmame da ventilação mecânica em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva: resultados após um ano

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O desmame da ventilação mecânica é o processo de transição da ventilação mecânica para a espontânea. A prática atual do desmame mostra que o empirismo é insuficiente e inadequado. Em contrapartida, as padronizações de desmame proporcionam melhor condução no processo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de um protocolo de desmame da ventilação mecânica em uma unidade de terapia intensiva. MÉTODO: Foram incluídos no estudo todos os pacientes em programa de liberação da ventilação mecânica, em que se acompanhou a evolução do desmame com utilização de um protocolo pré-estabelecido pelo serviço já publicado. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 127 pacientes. Houve sucesso no desmame em 91% (115) e insucesso em 9% (12). A ventilação não-invasiva após a extubação foi utilizada em 19% (24) deles. Nenhum óbito foi observado. Comparando-se o grupo de pacientes em que houve sucesso com o grupo em que houve falha, não foi encontrada diferença estatística significativa quanto ao sexo (p = 0,96), APACHE II (19,5 versus 18,6 p = 0,75), risco de óbito (29% versus 22% p = 0,54), Pimáx (38 versus 32 cmH2O p = 0,17), tempo de ventilação mecânica (6 versus 7 dias p = 0,70), relação PaO2/FiO2 (324 versus 312 p = 0,83), modalidade de desmame (PSV ou Tubo T p = 0,29). Foram encontradas diferenças significativas no valor de índice de respiração rápida superficial (IRRS) (59 versus 77 p = 0,02) e no tempo de desmame (1 versus 30 horas p < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: O desmame da ventilação realizado seguindo a padronização trouxe melhora na sua condução, mantendo o alto índice de sucesso com baixa mortalidade