Computational Aerodynamic Analysis of Three-Dimensional Ice Shapes on a NACA 23012 Airfoil

The present study identifies a process for performing computational fluid dynamic calculations of the flow over full three-dimensional (3D) representations of complex ice shapes deposited on aircraft surfaces. Rime and glaze icing geometries formed on a NACA23012 airfoil were obtained during testing in the NASA Glenn Research Centers Icing Research Tunnel (IRT). The ice shape geometries were scanned as a cloud of data points using a 3D laser scanner. The data point clouds were meshed using Geomagic software to create highly accurate models of the ice surface. The surface data was imported into Pointwise grid generation software to create the CFD surface and volume grids. It was determined that generating grids in Pointwise for complex 3D icing geometries was possible using various techniques that depended on the ice shape. Computations of the flow fields over these ice shapes were performed using the NASA National Combustion Code (NCC). Results for a rime ice shape for angle of attack conditions ranging from 0 to 10 degrees and for freestream Mach numbers of 0.10 and 0.18 are presented. For validation of the computational results, comparisons were made to test results from rapid-prototype models of the selected ice accretion shapes, obtained from a separate study in a subsonic wind tunnel at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The computational and experimental results were compared for values of pressure coefficient and lift. Initial results show fairly good agreement for rime ice accretion simulations across the range of conditions examined. The glaze ice results are promising but require some further examination

LY294002 reduced lung stretch-induced Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Involvement of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in ventilation-induced neutrophil infiltration: a prospective, controlled animal experiment"</p><p>http://ccforum.com/content/11/4/R89</p><p>Critical Care 2007;11(4):R89-R89.</p><p>Published online 23 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2206484.</p><p></p> Mice ventilated at a tidal volume (V) of 30 ml/kg for 1 hour were pretreated with 5 μg/g LY294002 intraperitoneally 1 hour before ventilation. Phosphorylated serine/threonine kinase/protein kinase B (Akt) or endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression (and , top panel), total Akt or eNOS protein expression ((a) and (b), middle panel), and relative phosphorylation quantitation by arbitrary units ((a) and (b), bottom panel) (= 6/group). *< 0.05 versus control, nonventilated mice; †< 0.05 versus ventilation with LY294002

High tidal volume ventilation caused a time-dependent increase on Akt activation

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Involvement of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in ventilation-induced neutrophil infiltration: a prospective, controlled animal experiment"</p><p>http://ccforum.com/content/11/4/R89</p><p>Critical Care 2007;11(4):R89-R89.</p><p>Published online 23 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2206484.</p><p></p> Western blot was performed using an antibody that recognizes the phosphorylated serine/threonine kinase/protein kinase B (Akt) expression (and , top panel) and an antibody that recognizes total Akt protein expressions in lung tissue ((a) and (b), middle panel) from control nonventilated mice and from mice ventilated with tidal volume 30 ml/kg breathing room air or hyperoxia at indicated time periods. RA, mice with room air; O2, mice with hyperoxia. Arbitrary units are expressed as relative Akt phosphorylation ((a) and (b), bottom panel) (= 6/group). *< 0.05 versus control, nonventilated mice

High tidal volume ventilation caused a time-dependent increase on endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Involvement of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in ventilation-induced neutrophil infiltration: a prospective, controlled animal experiment"</p><p>http://ccforum.com/content/11/4/R89</p><p>Critical Care 2007;11(4):R89-R89.</p><p>Published online 23 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2206484.</p><p></p> Phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expressions (and , top panel), total eNOS protein expressions ((a) and (b), middle panel), and relative phosphorylation quantitation by arbitrary units ((a) and (b), bottom panel) were obtained from control nonventilated mice and from mice ventilated with tidal volume 30 ml/kg using room air or hyperoxia at indicated time periods (= 6/group). RA, mice with room air; O2, mice with hyperoxia. *< 0.05 versus control, nonventilated mice

Mathematical fitting for the variation in capacity of lithium iron phosphate batteries corresponding to cycles

It is well known that the capacity of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO$_{4}$) batteries decreases as the usage cycles increase. In order to investigate the relationship between the number of charge/discharge cycles and the battery capacity, two batteries were cyclically charged and discharged using an automatic testing system, while simultaneously collecting the capacity data. The tested batteries were composed of different materials and had a capacity of 15 Ah. Each battery was cyclically charged and discharged 800 times. The batteries are analyzed and compared with each other to create fitted curves. The developed mathematical fitting, which consists of both exponential and polynomial terms, is closely responsive to the battery capacity. References W. Su, H. Rahimi-Eichi, W. Zeng and M.-Y. Chow. A survey on the electrification of transportation in a smart grid environment. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform., 8:1&ndash;10, 2012. doi:10.1109/TII.2011.2172454 J. Wang, Z. Sun and X. Wei. Performance and characteristic research in LiFePO$_4$ battery for electric vehicle applications. IEEE Proc. Vehicle Power Propul. Conf., 1657&ndash;1661, 2009. doi:10.1109/VPPC.2009.5289664 T. Kim and W. Qiao. A hybrid battery model capable of capturing dynamic circuit characteristics and nonlinear capacity effects. IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., 26:1172&ndash;1180, 2011. doi:10.1109/TEC.2011.2167014 A. Eddahech, O. Briat and J.-M. Vinassa. Determination of lithium-ion battery state-of-health based on constant-voltage charge phase. J. Power Sources, 258:218&ndash;227, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.02.020 A. Shafiei, A. Momeni and S. S. Williamson. Battery modeling approaches and management techniques for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. IEEE Proc. Vehicle Power Propul. Conf., 1&ndash;5, 2011. doi:10.1109/VPPC.2011.6043191 M. Chen and G. A. Rincon-Mora. Accurate electrical battery model capable of predicting runtime and i-v performance. IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., 21:504&ndash;511, 2006. doi:10.1109/TEC.2006.874229 L. Gao, S. Liu and R. A. Dougal. Dynamic lithium-ion battery model for system simulation. IEEE Trans. Comp. Pack. Tech., 25:495&ndash;505, 2002. doi:10.1109/TCAPT.2002.803653 O. Erdinc, B. Vural and M. Uzunoglu. A dynamic lithium-ion battery model considering the effects of temperature and capacity fading. IEEE Inter. Conf. Clean Elec. Power, 383&ndash;386, 2009. doi:10.1109/ICCEP.2009.5212025 B. Schweighofer, K. M. Raab and G. Brasseur. Modeling of high power automotive batteries by the use of an automated test system. IEEE T. Instrum. Meas., 52:1087&ndash;1091, 2003. doi:10.1109/TIM.2003.814827 S.-Y. Lee, W.-L. Chiu, Y.-S. Liao, K.-Y. Lee, J.-H. Chen, H.-J. Lin and K. Li. Modified empirical fitting of the discharge behavior of LiFePO$_4$ batteries under various conditions. ANZIAM J., 55:368&ndash;383, 2014. doi:10.21914/anziamj.v55i0.8182 S. Flandrois and B. Simon. Carbon materials for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. Carbon, 37:165&ndash;180, 1999. doi:10.1016/S0008-6223(98)00290-5 H. Li and H. Zhou. Enhancing the performances of Li-ion batteries by carbon-coating: present and future. Chem. Comm., 48:1201&ndash;1217, 2012. doi:10.1039/C1CC14764A J. Wang and X. Sun. Understanding and recent development of carbon coating on LiFePO$_4$ cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Energ. Environ. Sci., 5:5163&ndash;5185, 2012. doi:10.1039/C1EE01263K P. Bai and M. Z. Bazant. Charge transfer kinetics at the solid-solid interface in porous electrodes. Nature Comm., 5:3585, 2014. doi:10.1038/ncomms458

Effects of hyperoxia effects on stretch-induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation of airway epithelium

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Involvement of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in ventilation-induced neutrophil infiltration: a prospective, controlled animal experiment"</p><p>http://ccforum.com/content/11/4/R89</p><p>Critical Care 2007;11(4):R89-R89.</p><p>Published online 23 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2206484.</p><p></p> Representative photomicrographs (×400) with phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase staining of the lung sections after 5 hours of mechanical ventilation with room air or hyperoxia (= 6/group). Control wild-type mice with room air. Control wild-type mice with hyperoxia. Tidal volume 30 ml/kg wild-type mice with room air. Tidal volume 30 ml/kg wild-type mice with hyperoxia. Tidal volume 30 ml/kg Aktmice with room air. Tidal volume 30 ml/kg Aktmice with hyperoxia. A dark-brown diaminobenzidine signal indicates positive staining of lung epithelium, while lighter shades of bluish tan signify nonreactive cells. Akt, serine/threonine kinase/protein kinase B