Les assemblages à pièces bifaciales au Pléistocène inférieur et moyen ancien en Afrique de l'Est et au Proche-Orient (nouvelle approche du phénomène bifacial appliquée aux problématiques de migrations, de diffusion et d'évolution locale)

Le modèle Out of Africa est profondément ancré dans les réflexions portant sur les peuplements paléolithiques. Pour le Pléistocène inférieur et moyen ancien, plusieurs vagues de dispersion des premiers hominidés à partir de l Afrique de l Est sont avancées, en particulier vers le Proche-Orient sur la base de trois sites majeurs : Dmanisi, Ubeidiya et Gesher Benot Ya aqov. Cette théorie véhicule également l idée d imports répétés de techniques nouvelles, notamment le façonnage bifacial.Cependant, une déconstruction des mécanismes inhérents à ce modèle permet d identifier des obstacles conceptuels et méthodologiques issus du paradigme de la flèche , simplifiant et réduisant la complexité des phénomènes techniques et culturels.Afin de réintégrer à la question l espace et le temps, dont l absence au sein d Out of Africa est rédhibitoire, nous utilisons une vision évolutive des techniques basée sur des réflexions de philosophie, d ergonomie et de géographie. Cette vision, reprise par des paléolithiciens depuis une quinzaine d années, a conduit à concevoir une méthodologie techno-fonctionnelle centrée sur les notions d outil, de geste et de fonctionnement.Une étude approfondie utilisant cette approche a été menée sur quatre assemblages est-africains et proche-orientaux, complétée par des observations portant sur trois autres collections. Les informations obtenues permettent de discuter des processus d évolution technique sur le temps long, de proposer une vision alternative des peuplements qui considère en particulier l idée d inventions du façonnage bifacial indépendantes, et enfin d envisager des espaces culturels à différentes échelles de temps et d espace.The Out of Africa model is deeply rooted in the issues of Paleolithic settlement. For the Lower and Early Middle Pleistocene, several waves of early hominid dispersal from Africa have been proposed, especially to the Near East on the basis of three major sites: Dmanisi, Ubeidiya and Gesher Benot Ya aqov. This theory also conveys the idea of repeated imports of new techniques, including bifacial shaping.However, the mechanisms inherent in this model are deconstructed: it allows to identify conceptual and methodological obstacles from the arrow paradigm , which simplifies and reduces the complexity of technical and cultural phenomena.The absence of space and time in the Out of Africa model is a crippling flaw. To reintroduce these dimensions in the debate, an evolutionary view of technics is used and is inspired by thoughts from philosophy, ergonomics and geography. In Paleolithic prehistory, this point of view, developed over past fifteen years, led to work out a techno-functional methodology focused on notions of tool, gesture and functioning.A detailed study using this approach was conducted on four assemblages from East Africa and Near East, with some supplementary observations on three other collections Then a discussion is offered on various topics: (1) the processes of technical evolution over long time, (2) an alternative vision of settlements, which particularly considers the idea of independent inventions of bifacial shaping, and finally (3) the ability to define cultural spaces on different scales of time and space.NANTERRE-PARIS10-Bib. élec. (920509901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Maladaptive One-Leg Balance Control in Parkinson’s Disease

Balance disorders are very frequent in Parkinson’s disease (PD). One-leg stance performance is a predictor of fall risk. We investigated one-leg stance strategies in people with PD. We hypothesized that patients would choose, and better perform on, the leg on the least affected body side. Fifty participants with 2 to 19 years of PD duration stood on one leg while ON medication. The leg spontaneously chosen was recorded. Performance was compared between the spontaneously chosen vs. contralateral, and most vs. least stable legs. Influence of disease duration, severity, age, cognition, and motor fluctuations was analyzed. Twenty-eight patients spontaneously stood on the leg of the least affected body side, which was not always the most stable one. The chosen standing leg was influenced by disease duration with a switch between the least vs. most affected body side after seven years of disease duration. Fourteen patients (28%) spontaneously stood on their least stable leg. Thus, some patients with PD choose the least stable leg when asked to perform one-leg stance. It is important to identify these patients since they may be at greater risk of falls and/or gait difficulties. Specific rehabilitation may help prevent such maladaptive strategy

A prototyping method for the re-design of intensive perennial systems: the case of vineyards in France

The results of our re-design and experimentation of grapevine agrosystem, as well as on the other crops (Lançon et al., 2007 and Wery & Langeveld, 2010) show promising perspectives of the prototyping method to achieve high goals for performance and innovation. The complexity of the grapevine agrosystem (ie the number of technical interventions and their potential interactions) requires a strong systemic approach at the interface between the technical and biophysical dimensions of cropping systems (Rapidel et al., 2009). The approach must implement agro-ecological processes to greatly limit inputs. It also required a high innovation and significant changes in the grapevine agrosystem genetics, structure and management. Our results point out the need to re-design grapevine systems from the crop plantation with new varieties, new training systems and with intercrops aiming to improve ecosystem services and maintain a very high level of sustainability criteria

Association between prenatal exposure to multiple insecticides and child body weight and body composition in the VHEMBE South African birth cohort

BACKGROUND : Pregnant women may be co-exposed to multiple insecticides in regions where both pyrethroids and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) are used for indoor residual spraying (IRS) for malaria control. Despite the potential for adverse effects on offspring, there are few studies in areas where IRS is currently used and little is known about the effects of pyrethroids on children's health. METHODS : We investigated the relationship between concentrations of four urinary pyrethroid metabolites in urine and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in maternal blood collected near delivery on body weight and body composition among children ≤2 years old participating in the prospective South Africa VHEMBE birth cohort (N = 708). We used measurements of length/height and weight collected at 1 and 2 years of age to calculate body mass index (BMI)-for-age, weight-for-age, and weight-for-height z-scores based on World Health Organization standards. We fit separate single-pollutant mixed effects models for each exposure of interest and also stratified by sex. We also fit all analyte concentrations jointly by using a Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) statistical method to assess variable importance of each analyte and to explore the potential for joint effects of the multiple exposures. RESULTS : Single-pollutant linear mixed effects models showed that, among girls only, p,p′-DDT was associated with higher BMI-for-age (adjusted [a]β = 0.22 [95% CI: 0.10, 0.35]; sex interaction p-value = 0.001), weight-for-height (aβ = 0.22 [95% CI: 0.09, 0.34]; sex interaction p-value = 0.002), and weight-for-age (aβ = 0.17 [95% CI: 0.05, 0.29], sex interaction p-value = 0.01). Although single-pollutant models suggested that p,p′-DDT and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE) were also associated with these outcomes in girls, p,p′-DDE was no longer associated in multi-pollutant models with BKMR. The pyrethroid metabolites cis-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid (cis-DBCA) and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (trans-DCCA) were inversely related to BMI-for-age and weight-for-height overall; however, results suggested that weight-for-age and weight-for-height associations for trans-DCCA (sex interaction p-valueweight-for-age = 0.02; p-valueweight-for-height = 0.13) and cis-DCCA (sex interaction p-valueweight-for-age = 0.02; p-valueweight-for-height = 0.08) were strongest and most consistent in boys relative to girls. BKMR also revealed joint effects from the chemical mixture. For instance, with increased concentrations of p,p′-DDE, the negative exposure-response relationship for cis-DBCA on BMI-for-age became steeper. CONCLUSIONS : Our single-pollutant and multi-pollutant model results show that maternal serum p,p′-DDT concentration was consistently and positively associated with body composition and body weight in young girls and that maternal urinary pyrethroid metabolite concentrations (particularly cis-DBCA and trans-DCCA) were negatively associated with body weight and body composition in young boys. Joint effects of the insecticide exposure mixture were also apparent, underscoring the importance of using advanced statistical methods to examine the health effects of chemical mixtures.The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Award ID: 1R01ES020360), the Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau (Award ID: T76MC00002), and the Global Health Equity Scholars Program, Fogarty International CenterTW009338.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/envint2019-04-30hj2018School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH

Kainate Receptors Coexist in a Functional Complex with KCC2 and Regulate Chloride Homeostasis in Hippocampal Neurons

Peer reviewe

Maladaptive One-Leg Balance Control in Parkinson’s Disease

Balance disorders are very frequent in Parkinson’s disease (PD). One-leg stance performance is a predictor of fall risk. We investigated one-leg stance strategies in people with PD. We hypothesized that patients would choose, and better perform on, the leg on the least affected body side. Fifty participants with 2 to 19 years of PD duration stood on one leg while ON medication. The leg spontaneously chosen was recorded. Performance was compared between the spontaneously chosen vs. contralateral, and most vs. least stable legs. Influence of disease duration, severity, age, cognition, and motor fluctuations was analyzed. Twenty-eight patients spontaneously stood on the leg of the least affected body side, which was not always the most stable one. The chosen standing leg was influenced by disease duration with a switch between the least vs. most affected body side after seven years of disease duration. Fourteen patients (28%) spontaneously stood on their least stable leg. Thus, some patients with PD choose the least stable leg when asked to perform one-leg stance. It is important to identify these patients since they may be at greater risk of falls and/or gait difficulties. Specific rehabilitation may help prevent such maladaptive strategy

Les raisons de l'implication ou la non implication des médecins généralistes Mayennais dans les dépistages à travers les dépistages organisés du cancer du sein et du cancer colorectal

Le médecin généraliste tient une place privilégiée dans la proposition et le suivi des dépistages. Cependant, la participation des médecins aux actions de prévention est très inégale. Quels sont les facteurs qui les influencent? Comment intègrent-ils leur vécu dans cette pratique? Quelle place font-ils aux dépistages dans leurs consultations?Des entretiens semi-directifs ont été menés auprès de quatorze médecins généralistes.Ils sont favorables aux dépistages, même si des réticences ont été signalées comme le sentiment d'exclusion des dépistages organisés et le manque de temps. D'autres facteurs rentrent en compte : son vécu personnel ou professionnel dans les pathologies concernées, sa propre sensibilité pour les actions de prévention, la motivation des patients. Ainsi, le médecin doit composer avec sa personnalité, avec les recommandations médicales et avec la personnalité de chaque patient. Des freins externes rendent le dépistage non prioritaire pour le médecin : charge de travail, ruralité, demandes multiples des patients. A l'inverse, l'exercice en groupe et certaines activités annexes vont le motiver en renforçant sa sensibilité aux dépistages.Dans tous les cas, les médecins considèrent que leur statut de "médecin référent" leur confère un rôle de coordination et de lien humain avec le patient, ce qui nécessite une intégration précoce et totale du généraliste dans ces campagnes préventives.Des améliorations ont été proposées par les médecins : une consultation spécifique aux dépistages, des formations et recommandations adaptées au "terrain" du généraliste, des idées concrètes pour les impliquer dans les programmes de dépistage du cancer du sein et cancer colorectal.ANGERS-BU Médecine-Pharmacie (490072105) / SudocSudocFranceF