State Taxation of Unitary Businesses

The income taxation of multistate businesses has created problems for tax administrators, primarily with regard to the question of how to divide the income taxation amongst the multiple states. To address this, the concepts of unitary business and formula apportionment have been created. However, the non-uniform state taxation practices create difficulties even with the existence of these concepts. Some states have adopted the Multistate Tax Compact, but for it to be completely effective there still must be a uniform view adopted on what constitutes a unitary business. This note examines the constitutional issues attendant to developing a standard definition of a unitary business, an in-depth analysis of the unitary business concept and its origins, and proposes a workable definition of a unitary business

State Taxation of Unitary Businesses

The income taxation of multistate businesses has created problems for tax administrators, primarily with regard to the question of how to divide the income taxation amongst the multiple states. To address this, the concepts of unitary business and formula apportionment have been created. However, the non-uniform state taxation practices create difficulties even with the existence of these concepts. Some states have adopted the Multistate Tax Compact, but for it to be completely effective there still must be a uniform view adopted on what constitutes a unitary business. This note examines the constitutional issues attendant to developing a standard definition of a unitary business, an in-depth analysis of the unitary business concept and its origins, and proposes a workable definition of a unitary business

ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF U.S. DAIRY PROGRAMS

Based on econometric analysis, this article estimates effects of terminating the milk order system and milk price support, singly and together, over the period 1966-90. Since 1980, milk orders have raised the national blend price by 1-2%; price support has raised the blend price to well above the market clearing price, by over 21% in 1983. Short- and long-run benefits and costs are estimated for various policy options under 1990 conditions.Agricultural and Food Policy,

LOX manifold tee analysis

A 4000 Hz vibration phenomena was observed during the test firings of several space shuttle main engines (SSME). Experimental studies of this phenomena suggest that the problem might be associated with vortex shedding from the vanes within the LOX tee manifold. The objective of this study was to determine the unsteady, 3-D flow associated with these vanes by computational methods to identify and better understand the 4000 Hz vibration phenomena. A flow solver, FDNS, for the turbulent conservation equations was validated for predicting high frequency vortex dynamics and used to predict 2-D and 3-D flows within the LOX tee. 4000 Hz excitation oscillations were predicted for some flows and the entire 3-D flow structure was predicted for LOX tee flow. The complexity of the flow was revealed by this analysis, and computational methods for predicting these high frequency oscillations in future engine systems were established

Optimal entanglement criterion for mixed quantum states

We develop a strong and computationally simple entanglement criterion. The criterion is based on an elementary positive map Phi which operates on state spaces with even dimension N >= 4. It is shown that Phi detects many entangled states with positive partial transposition (PPT) and that it leads to a class of optimal entanglement witnesses. This implies that there are no other witnesses which can detect more entangled PPT states. The map Phi yields a systematic method for the explicit construction of high-dimensional manifolds of bound entangled states.Comment: 4 pages, no figures, replaced by published version (minor changes), Journal-reference adde

A Ternary Lattice Boltzmann Model for Amphiphilic Fluids

A lattice Boltzmann model for amphiphilic fluid dynamics is presented. It is a ternary model, in that it conserves mass separately for each chemical species present (water, oil, amphiphile), and it maintains an orientational degree of freedom for the amphiphilic species. Moreover, it models fluid interactions at the microscopic level by introducing self-consistent forces between the particles, rather than by positing a Landau free energy functional. This combination of characteristics fills an important need in the hierarchy of models currently available for amphiphilic fluid dynamics, enabling efficient computer simulation and furnishing new theoretical insight. Several computational results obtained from this model are presented and compared to existing lattice-gas model results. In particular, it is noted that lamellar structures, which are precluded by the Peierls instability in two-dimensional systems with kinetic fluctuations, are not observed in lattice-gas models, but are easily found in the corresponding lattice Boltzmann models. This points out a striking difference in the phenomenology accessible to each type of model.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures included with graphic

Validating Sample Average Approximation Solutions with Negatively Dependent Batches

Sample-average approximations (SAA) are a practical means of finding approximate solutions of stochastic programming problems involving an extremely large (or infinite) number of scenarios. SAA can also be used to find estimates of a lower bound on the optimal objective value of the true problem which, when coupled with an upper bound, provides confidence intervals for the true optimal objective value and valuable information about the quality of the approximate solutions. Specifically, the lower bound can be estimated by solving multiple SAA problems (each obtained using a particular sampling method) and averaging the obtained objective values. State-of-the-art methods for lower-bound estimation generate batches of scenarios for the SAA problems independently. In this paper, we describe sampling methods that produce negatively dependent batches, thus reducing the variance of the sample-averaged lower bound estimator and increasing its usefulness in defining a confidence interval for the optimal objective value. We provide conditions under which the new sampling methods can reduce the variance of the lower bound estimator, and present computational results to verify that our scheme can reduce the variance significantly, by comparison with the traditional Latin hypercube approach

Robust identification of investor beliefs

This paper develops a method informed by data and models to recover information about investor beliefs. Our approach uses information embedded in forward-looking asset prices in conjunction with asset pricing models. We step back from presuming rational expectations and entertain potential belief distortions bounded by a statistical measure of discrepancy. Additionally, our method allows for the direct use of sparse survey evidence to make these bounds more informative. Within our framework, market-implied beliefs may differ from those implied by rational expectations due to behavioral/psychological biases of investors, ambiguity aversion, or omitted permanent components to valuation. Formally, we represent evidence about investor beliefs using a nonlinear expectation function deduced using model-implied moment conditions and bounds on statistical divergence. We illustrate our method with a prototypical example from macro-finance using asset market data to infer belief restrictions for macroeconomic growth rates. © 2020 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Stable circulation modes in a dual-core matter-wave soliton laser

We consider a model of a matter-wave laser generating a periodic array of solitary-wave pulses. The system, a general version of which was recently proposed in Ref. [5], is composed of two parallel tunnel-coupled cigar-shaped traps (a reservoir and a lasing cavity), solitons being released through a valve at one edge of the cavity. We report a stable lasing mode accounted for by circulations of a narrow soliton in the cavity, which generates an array of strong pulses (with 1,000 - 10,000 atoms in each, the array's duty cycle ~ 30%) when the soliton periodically hits the valve.Comment: J. of Physics B: At. Mol. Opt. Physics, in pres