Embodied Carbon Dioxide Emissions of the World Economy: A Systems Input-Output Simulation for 2004

AbstractPresented in this study is an empirical analysis of embodied carbon dioxide (CO2) emission originated in fossil fuels combustion for the world economy in 2004 using a systems input-output simulation. A global embodied CO2 intensity database associated with 112 regions and 57 sectors is constructed, based on which the regional embodiment inventories are compiled to investigate the emissions instigated by particular economic activities. Globally, CO2 emissions embodied in household fossil fuels combustion, in household commodity consumption, in government commodity consumption, and in investment are 3.99, 13.83, 2.07, and 5.22 Gt, respectively. As an indicator to reveal the average occupation of carbon welfare, regional per capita CO2 emission embodied in domestic final demand varies from 0.12 t in Ethiopia to 45.16 t in Rest of North America. The severe inequality between regions is further confirmed by the high Gini coefficients for CO2 emissions (0.56 for direct emission and 0.58 for embodiment). And finally, the interregional carbon leakage in terms of net leakage, spill-over, and diversion is illustrated via dividing the world into three coalitions according to respective economic statuses

How to guide a sustainable industrial economy: Emergy account for resources input of Chinese industry

AbstractEmergy analysis provides a feasible approach to evaluate the status and position of different energy carriers in the universal energy hierarchy. In this paper, an emergy-based method is conducted to measure the resources input of Chinese industry from 1997 to 2006. Resources inflows including fossil fuels, mineral resources, agricultural products, and other imported materials are accounted, based on which related indicators including resources intensity, industrial output, and environmental emissions are investigated. Results show a steady upward trend for the total resources input of Chinese industry during the past decade. The total resources input amounted to 1.53×1025 sej in 2006, of which non-renewable one accounted for 70.65% owing to the dominating input of fossil fuels and nonmetal minerals. Resources intensity measured by the ratio of resources input to industrial value added declined gradually during 1997–2002, but the rapid expansion of resource–intensive sub–sectors resulted in a reverse trend since 2003. The current resources use pattern of Chinese industry is characterized by increasing input of non-renewable resources, excessive expansion of resource–intensive production, and tremendous challenge from environmental pressure

Multi-scale input-output analysis of consumption-based water resources: Method and application

This work develops a method of multi-scale input-output analysis for the embodied water accounting of an economy. This method can distinguish between the different virtual water contents of imported and local products and is therefore capable of accurately estimating the virtual water that is embodied in trade. As a simplified model rather than a multi-regional input-output analysis, this method substantially minimizes the data requirements. With the support of averaged Eora global embodied water intensity databases for the world and Chinese economies, a three-scale embodied water input-output analysis of the Beijing economy in 2007 has been conducted. Dozens of virtual water flows that relate to the Beijing economy have been identified and analyzed. Only 15% of the total water resources embodied in Beijing's local final demand were from local water withdrawal; 85% were from domestically and internationally imported products. The virtual water import is revealed to play a more important role than physical water transfer in easing Beijing's water shortage. Since the average water use efficiency of the Beijing economy is much higher than that of the Chinese economy but somewhat lower that of the rest of the world, Beijing is suggested to shifting its imports to foreign countries to optimize global water use. The method developed can be useful for water saving strategies for multiple responsible entities holding different opinions, and it can be easily applied to the embodied water accounting of a sub-national or even smaller economic community

Existence and Nonlinear Stability of Rotating Star Solutions of the Compressible Euler-Poisson Equations

We prove existence of rotating star solutions which are steady-state solutions of the compressible isentropic Euler-Poisson (EP) equations in 3 spatial dimensions, with prescribed angular momentum and total mass. This problem can be formulated as a variational problem of finding a minimizer of an energy functional in a broader class of functions having less symmetry than those functions considered in the classical Auchmuty-Beals paper. We prove the nonlinear dynamical stability of these solutions with perturbations having the same total mass and symmetry as the rotating star solution. We also prove local in time stability of W^{1, \infty}(\RR^3) solutions where the perturbations are entropy-weak solutions of the EP equations. Finally, we give a uniform (in time) a-priori estimate for entropy-weak solutions of the EP equations

Теоретичні аспекти процесу реструктуризації в умовах антикризового управління

У статті розкрито сутність поняття "реструктуризація", окреслено чинники, які викликають необхідність реструктуризаційних змін, визначено цілі та види реструктуризації, а також запропоновано ряд перспективних напрямів та відповідних заходів її проведення.Essence of concept "restructuring" is exposed in the article, outlined factors which cause the necessity of restrukturizaciynikh changes, certainly aims and types of restructuring, and also the row of perspective directions and proper measures of its leadthrough is offered

Blow up criterion for compressible nematic liquid crystal flows in dimension three

In this paper, we consider the short time strong solution to a simplified hydrodynamic flow modeling the compressible, nematic liquid crystal materials in dimension three. We establish a criterion for possible breakdown of such solutions at finite time in terms of the temporal integral of both the maximum norm of the deformation tensor of velocity gradient and the square of maximum norm of gradient of liquid crystal director field.Comment: 22 page

Stability of Transonic Shock Solutions for One-Dimensional Euler-Poisson Equations

In this paper, both structural and dynamical stabilities of steady transonic shock solutions for one-dimensional Euler-Poission system are investigated. First, a steady transonic shock solution with supersonic backgroumd charge is shown to be structurally stable with respect to small perturbations of the background charge, provided that the electric field is positive at the shock location. Second, any steady transonic shock solution with the supersonic background charge is proved to be dynamically and exponentially stable with respect to small perturbation of the initial data, provided the electric field is not too negative at the shock location. The proof of the first stability result relies on a monotonicity argument for the shock position and the downstream density, and a stability analysis for subsonic and supersonic solutions. The dynamical stability of the steady transonic shock for the Euler-Poisson equations can be transformed to the global well-posedness of a free boundary problem for a quasilinear second order equation with nonlinear boundary conditions. The analysis for the associated linearized problem plays an essential role

Deformation of Electronic Structures Due to CoO6 Distortion and Phase Diagrams of NaxCoO2.yH2O

Motivated by recently reported experimental phase diagrams, we study the effects of CoO6 distortion on the electronic structure in NaxCoO2.yH2O. We construct the multiband tight-binding model by employing the LDA result. Analyzing this model, we show the deformation of band dispersions and Fermi-surface topology as functions of CoO2-layer thickness. Considering these results together with previous theoretical ones, we propose a possible schematic phase diagram with three successive phases: the extended s-wave superconductivity (SC), the magnetic order, and the spin-triplet SC phases when the Co valence number s is +3.4. A phase diagram with only one phase of spin-triplet SC is also proposed for the s=+3.5 case.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

Modelling of strain effects in manganite films

Thickness dependence and strain effects in films of $La_{1-x}A_xMnO_3$ perovskites are analyzed in the colossal magnetoresistance regime. The calculations are based on a generalization of a variational approach previously proposed for the study of manganite bulk. It is found that a reduction in the thickness of the film causes a decrease of critical temperature and magnetization, and an increase of resistivity at low temperatures. The strain is introduced through the modifications of in-plane and out-of-plane electron hopping amplitudes due to substrate-induced distortions of the film unit cell. The strain effects on the transition temperature and transport properties are in good agreement with experimental data only if the dependence of the hopping matrix elements on the $Mn-O-Mn$ bond angle is properly taken into account. Finally variations of the electron-phonon coupling linked to the presence of strain turn out important in influencing the balance of coexisting phases in the filmComment: 7 figures. To be published on Physical Review