Mesure de l’efficacité technique des riziculteurs du bassin du fleuve Sénégal

Ce travail a pour objectif de mesurer l’efficacité technique des riziculteurs du bassin du fleuve Sénégal et d’analyser les déterminants de leur inefficacité. Les estimations ont montré que, s’il avait été efficace, le riziculteur moyen aurait pu accroître sa production actuelle de 30 % sans inputs additionnels, contre une marge de progrès potentielle de 86 % pour le riziculteur le moins performant. Les facteurs qui impactent significativement l’efficacité sont le lieu de résidence, le genre, la taille du ménage, le niveau d’instruction, l’ethnie, la distance entre la maison et la parcelle, et le nombre de parcelles cultivées.This article aims at investigating whether rice producers in Senegal have reached their maximal production regarding their available inputs and what are the determinants of their inefficiency. The estimations show that, if he were efficient, the mean producer would increase his actual output by 30% without further inputs while the less performant producer would record a potential margin of progress of 86%. The efficiency determinants are mainly the place of residence, the gender, the household size, the level of education, the ethnicity, the walking distance between the house and the plot and the number of plots farmed

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Use of Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) as a means of determining the location of waste management infrastructure and urban cleanliness facilities in Touba Mosque

Marked by a very strong demographic growth, rampant urbanization, and a dynamic economy, the city of Touba is also experiencing new consumption patterns (retail sale, fast food, popular use of disposable textiles, etc.), once prevalent in the world's largest cities. These elements are among other decisive and essentially responsible factors for the significant amount of waste produced in this city. This proliferation of waste, which is accompanied by the multiplication of illegal and recurrent dumping sites, justifies on one hand, the need to disseminate waste management infrastructure in this city so as to maximize waste collection activity, on the other hand to bring the population closer to this public service, which is waste collection. Thus, the usage of solutions offered by GIS seems essential to model a justified distribution of these infrastructures. The aim of this research is to provide an overview of the current spatial distribution of urban cleanliness equipment in Touba and to concretely explore GIS solutions that will enable optimal distribution of these waste management infrastructures through Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA). The methodological approach used in this research is quantitative, with the development of a questionnaire using Kobotoolbox to collect information on the urban equipment deployed in the city of Touba Mosque, but also technical, with the explanation of the various processes used to carry out the MCA. The results of this study have shown that the city of Touba is facing a high production of waste, hence the presence in several locations of waste management infrastructure (IGD). The audit of the dissemination of urban cleanliness equipment shows that it does not rely on justified selection criteria regarding the locations of the sites where the IGDs should be located. This is why the idea of using the MCA method has been proposed, which makes it possible to identify favorable or suitable sites for the implementation of IGDs and urban cleanliness furniture

ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANTS OF SPATIAL EXPANSION IN SECONDARY CITIES: THE CASE OF KÉBÉMER (NORTHWEST SENEGAL)

This article explores the spatial dynamics of secondary cities in Senegal, whose evolutionary processes differ from those of former regional cities. Specifically, the commune of Kébémer has experienced significant spatial expansion since the late 1970s, primarily due to drought that led to agricultural decline and rural exodus. These phenomena, combined with other factors, have contributed to a remarkable spatial dynamic. The objective of this research is to trace the evolution of spatial expansion in Kébémer and analyze its causes. The study's methodology is based on a literature review as well as quantitative and qualitative surveys. This approach has highlighted the path of spatial dynamics in this secondary city by analyzing the trajectory of Kébémer’s spatial evolution and the determining factors of its spatial extension

Une cause inhabituelle d’ictère

L'atteinte hépatique est fréquente au cours de l'hyperthyroïdie. Elle est le plus souvent asymptomatique. Une hyperthyroïdie révélée par un ictère est rarement décrite dans littérature. Nous vous rapportons une observation à Dakar (Sénégal). Il s'agissait d'un patient de 52 ans qui avait consulté notre service pour un ictère associé à un prurit. Les explorations biologiques montraient une augmentation des alanine aminotranférases (1,1 N), des aspartate aminotranférases (1,5 N), des phosphatases alcalines (3 N), des gamma glutamyl transférases (1,3 N) et de la bilirubinémie (22 N). L'échographie abdominale était normale. Une cause toxique ou médicamenteuse, un obstacle sur les voies biliaires, une hépatite virale ou auto immune ainsi qu'une cholangite biliaire primitive ont été exclu. Le dosage des hormones thyroïdiennes montrait une élévation de la T4 libre à 24 ng/dL (9-20 ng/dL) et un taux plasmatique indétectable de TSH inférieure à 0,01µUI/mL (0,35-4,94 UI/mL). Les anticorps anti récepteurs de la TSH étaient positifs à 7,04 UI/L (N < 1,75 UI/L). L'échographie thyroïdienne objectivait un goitre diffus homogène hypervasculaire. Le diagnostic d'une atteinte hépatique secondaire à une maladie de Basedow sans dysfonction cardiaque était retenu. L'évolution clinique et biologique était favorable sous carbimazole. L'ictère peut être révélatrice d'une hyperthyroïdie. La recherche des signes cliniques et biologiques d'une hyperthyroïdie est obligatoire devant un ictère inexpliqué

Varia

Recherche L’encadrement professionnel des circuits courts est encore peu stabilisé. Il est remis en cause par l’émergence de politiques publiques qui le concurrencent. Les collectivités redéfinissent les enjeux à l’aune de leur dimension territoriale. L’impact économique du changement climatique est mesuré à partir d’une méthode basée sur une analyse de la rente foncière. Une application à l’agriculture de la Côte-d’Or confirme que les effets du climat sur les prix ne sont pas spatialement homogènes. La qualité sensorielle des produits artisanaux détermine en partie leur prix. Les divergences sur la valeur de la qualité font varier les coûts de mesure. La confiance et la réputation contribuent à réduire les coûts de mesure de la qualité et sont en partie déterminées par le niveau d’instruction. L’acceptabilité des Paiements pour Services Environnementaux (PSE) est testée à partir d’une expérimentation des choix au sein d’un pâturage collectif. Les résultats montrent l’importance de la souscription individuelle conditionnelle et de l’assistance technique, qui incite à l’action collective. L’efficacité technique de la production du riz dans du bassin du fleuve Sénégal est évaluée à partir de la méthode de frontière de production stochastique. Les résultats indiquent que des moyens financiers supplémentaires sont essentiels pour la R&D agricole. Note de lecture Géopolitique du blé. Un produit vital pour la sécurité mondial