Dieta e dispersao de sementes pelo lobo-guará Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger 1815) em uma área com campo natural, Floresta Ombrófila Mista e silvicultura, Paraná, Brasil

Resumo: Considerando o fato de existirem poucos dados para o Paraná sobre o lobo-guará, espécie ameaçada de extinção, foi realizado um estudo na Fazenda Monte Alegre (FMA) com o intuito de analisar a composição e sazonalidade em sua dieta, com ênfase na alimentação frugívora da espécie. De abril de 2003 a março de 2004 foram coletadas 200 amostras fecais de lobos-guará na FMA, sendo identificados 76 itens presentes na dieta, composta por frutos (45,93%), vertebrados (26,07%), insetos (12,83%), gramíneas (10,76%) e lixo orgânico (4,41%). Os itens mais consumidos para cada categoria foram os frutos Syagrus romanzoffiana (jerivá) e Solanum lycocarpum (lobeira ou fruta-do-lobo), pequenos roedores Sigmodontinae, Coleoptera e lixo orgânico diverso. Houve maior consumo de itens durante a estação seca, sendo a amplitude de nicho da espécie maior na primavera e menor no inverno. Quanto à dieta frugívora, foram consumidos mais frutos de coloração amarela e de pequeno porte, e maior massa durante a estação seca. Deste modo, entende-se que, assim como para várias regiões de cerrado do país, algumas de maior preservação que a FMA, o lobo-guará apresentou uma dieta onívora e oportunista temporal, apesar dos impactos antrópicos em decorrência do manejo da silvicultura. Possivelmente, isso se deva à grande parcela da FMA que se destina à preservação de Floresta Ombrófila Mista e de campos naturais, ambos habitats deste canídeo, e onde se encontram recursos necessários à sobrevivência da espécie

Avaliação do risco de extinção do guaxinim Procyon cancrivorus (Cuvier, 1798) no Brasil

Procyon cancrivorus tem ampla distribuição na América do Sul, sendo encontrada em todos os biomas brasileiros. É frequentemente registrada, inclusive em áreas degradadas, embora seja rara ao longo de grandes regiões e sua dinâmica populacional e distribuição geográfica sejam pouco compreendidas. Desta forma, a espécie é classificada como Menos Preocupante (LC). Há conectividade com as populações dos países vizinhos, porém não existem informações sobre a dinâmica fonte-sumidouro. Assim, a categoria indicada na avaliação regional não foi alterada

Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Neotropical Wild Carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora): At the Top of the T. cruzi Transmission Chain

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-19T13:49:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1914 bytes, checksum: 7d48279ffeed55da8dfe2f8e81f3b81f (MD5) fabiana_rocha_etal_IOC-2013.pdf: 7997141 bytes, checksum: 4c775f9a5ca87f1b13332fbbeff45911 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação, TRÍADE. Recife, PE, Brasil / Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, PCMC. Araguari, MG, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação. Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.Instituto de Pesquisas Cananéia (IPeC). Programa de Pesquisa em Vida Selvagem/Projeto Carnívoros. Cananéia, SP, Brasil.Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, PCMC. Araguari, MG, Brasil / Universidade Federal de Goiás. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Catalão, GO, Brasil.Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, PCMC. Araguari, MG, Brasil.Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, PCMC. Araguari, MG, Brasil / Universidade de São Paulo.Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Animal . São Paulo, SP, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Católica Dom Bosco - UCDB. Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Pantanal. Laboratório de Vida Selvagem. Corumbá, MS, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Little is known on the role played by Neotropical wild carnivores in the Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycles. We investigated T. cruzi infection in wild carnivores from three sites in Brazil through parasitological and serological tests. The seven carnivore species examined were infected by T. cruzi, but high parasitemias detectable by hemoculture were found only in two Procyonidae species. Genotyping by Mini-exon gene, PCR-RFLP (1f8/Akw21I) and kDNA genomic targets revealed that the raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) harbored TcI and the coatis (Nasua nasua) harbored TcI, TcII, TcIII-IV and Trypanosoma rangeli, in single and mixed infections, besides four T. cruzi isolates that displayed odd band patterns in the Mini-exon assay. These findings corroborate the coati can be a bioaccumulator of T. cruzi Discrete Typing Units (DTU) and may act as a transmission hub, a connection point joining sylvatic transmission cycles within terrestrial and arboreal mammals and vectors. Also, the odd band patterns observed in coatis’ isolates reinforce that T. cruzi diversity might be much higher than currently acknowledged. Additionally, we assembled our data with T. cruzi infection on Neotropical carnivores’ literature records to provide a comprehensive analysis of the infection patterns among distinct carnivore species, especially considering their ecological traits and phylogeny. Altogether, fifteen Neotropical carnivore species were found naturally infected by T. cruzi. Species diet was associated with T. cruzi infection rates, supporting the hypothesis that predator-prey links are important mechanisms for T. cruzi maintenance and dispersion in the wild. Distinct T. cruzi infection patterns across carnivore species and study sites were notable. Musteloidea species consistently exhibit high parasitemias in different studies which indicate their high infectivity potential. Mesocarnivores that feed on both invertebrates and mammals, including the coati, a host that can be bioaccumulator of T. cruzi DTU’s, seem to take place at the top of the T. cruzi transmission chain

<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> Infection in Neotropical Wild Carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora): At the Top of the <i>T. cruzi</i> Transmission Chain

<div><p>Little is known on the role played by Neotropical wild carnivores in the <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> transmission cycles. We investigated <i>T. cruzi</i> infection in wild carnivores from three sites in Brazil through parasitological and serological tests. The seven carnivore species examined were infected by <i>T. cruzi</i>, but high parasitemias detectable by hemoculture were found only in two Procyonidae species. Genotyping by Mini-exon gene, PCR-RFLP (1f8/Akw21I) and kDNA genomic targets revealed that the raccoon (<i>Procyon cancrivorus</i>) harbored TcI and the coatis (<i>Nasua nasua</i>) harbored TcI, TcII, TcIII-IV and <i>Trypanosoma rangeli</i>, in single and mixed infections, besides four <i>T. cruzi</i> isolates that displayed odd band patterns in the Mini-exon assay. These findings corroborate the coati can be a bioaccumulator of <i>T. cruzi</i> Discrete Typing Units (DTU) and may act as a transmission hub, a connection point joining sylvatic transmission cycles within terrestrial and arboreal mammals and vectors. Also, the odd band patterns observed in coatis’ isolates reinforce that <i>T. cruzi</i> diversity might be much higher than currently acknowledged. Additionally, we assembled our data with <i>T. cruzi</i> infection on Neotropical carnivores’ literature records to provide a comprehensive analysis of the infection patterns among distinct carnivore species, especially considering their ecological traits and phylogeny. Altogether, fifteen Neotropical carnivore species were found naturally infected by <i>T. cruzi</i>. Species diet was associated with <i>T. cruzi</i> infection rates, supporting the hypothesis that predator-prey links are important mechanisms for <i>T. cruzi</i> maintenance and dispersion in the wild. Distinct <i>T. cruzi</i> infection patterns across carnivore species and study sites were notable. Musteloidea species consistently exhibit high parasitemias in different studies which indicate their high infectivity potential. Mesocarnivores that feed on both invertebrates and mammals, including the coati, a host that can be bioaccumulator of <i>T. cruzi</i> DTU’s, seem to take place at the top of the <i>T. cruzi</i> transmission chain.</p></div

<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> infection in Neotropical wild carnivores and the proportion of invertebrates in species’ diet.

<p>Infection rate (total examined/total positive*100) was determined by IFAT - Indirect Immunofluorescent Antibody Test. Studies sites were Pantanal – Mato Grosso do Sul State, Araguari - Minas Gerais State/Cumari – Goiás State and Serra da Canastra National Park (SCNP) – Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The data set included samples collected on this study (filled symbols) and from the same studies sites previously published by our group. Species’ diets were retrieved from the literature (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067463#pone.0067463.s002" target="_blank">Table S1</a>). The fitted linear regression (F(1,9): 14.9; r² = 0.62, p = 0.004) is represented by the solid line (y = 0.73x+24). Dashed lines indicate the confidence intervals at 95%.</p

Neotropical wild carnivores naturally infected by <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> from this study (in bold) and literature records.

<p>Footnotes:</p><p>(−) Not available.</p><p>Serological test: IFAT - Indirect Immunofluorescent Antibody Test.</p><p>Parasitological tests: Hemoculture, xenodiagnosis or fresh blood examination.</p>a<p>We adopted Wilson & Reeder <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067463#pone.0067463-Wilson1" target="_blank">[90]</a> for taxonomic reference; thus, host species names reported in this table not always correspond to the original paper.</p>b<p>Positive/Total number of examined (% positive).</p><p>Countries: AR – Argentine, BR – Brazil, CL – Chile, CO – Colombia.</p>c<p>Current nomenclatural consensus as Discrete Typing Units (DTU) following Zingales et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067463#pone.0067463-Zingales1" target="_blank">[7]</a>. Original classification and equivalence to currently grouping scheme. <i>^c1</i>TCIIc = TcIII; <i>^c2</i> TcII (Mini-exon gene) = TcII/TcV/TcVI, <i>^c3</i> Z3 = TcIII/TcIV.</p

Spatial distribution of free-ranging carnivore species examined for <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> infection in Brazil.

<p>(A) Pantanal - Mato Grosso do Sul State (MS), (B) Serra da Canastra National Park (SCNP) and its surroundings - Minas Gerais State (MG), (C1) Araguari – Minas Gerais State (MG) and (C2) Cumari – Goiás State (GO). Geometric symbols represent carnivore species, according to the figure legend. In the upper left figure the black contour shows the study sites within respective States in Brazil.</p