Étude de la fission d'actinides produits par réactions de transfert multi-nucléon en cinématique inverse

L'étude de la fission des actinides répond à un double enjeu. Les mesures de distributions de fragments de fission et des probabilités de fission permettent une meilleure compréhension du phénomène en lui-même et une discrimination des modèles de structure et de dynamique nucléaires. De plus, dans le contexte de la conception de réacteurs nucléaires de nouvelle génération et d'incinérateurs de déchets radio-toxiques, de nouvelles mesures sont indispensables pour améliorer les bases de données nucléaires. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la continuité de programmes expérimentaux français et américains, utilisant la méthode de substitution, c'est-à-dire des réactions de transfert menant aux mêmes noyaux composés que par irradiation de neutron mais inaccessibles par les méthodes conventionnelles. L'expérience sur laquelle se base ce travail utilise les réactions de transfert multi-nucléon entre un faisceau de 238et une cible de 12en cinématique inverse, afin d'établir, grâce au spectromètre VAMOS, les distributions isotopiques complètes des fragments de fission associée à chaque voie de transfert. Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire se concentre sur l'identification des voies de transfert et leurs propriétés, comme les distributions angulaires et celles en énergie d'excitation, grâce au télescope SPIDER qui identifie les noyaux de recul de la cible. Ce travail de thèse exploratoire vise à généraliser la méthode de substitution à des transferts lourds et à mesurer des probabilités de fission pour la première fois en cinématique inverse. Les résultats obtenus sont comparés aux mesures en cinématique directe et aux mesures par irradiation de neutrons disponibles.The study of actinide fission encounters two major issues. On one hand, measurements of the fission fragment distributions and the fission probabilities allow a better understanding of the fission process itself and the discrimination among the models of nuclear structure and dynamics. On the other hand, new measurements are required to improve nuclear data bases, which are a key component for the design of new generation reactors and radio-toxic waste incinerators. This thesis is in line with different French and American experimental projects using the surrogate method, i.e. transfer reactions leading to the same compound nuclei as in neutron irradiation, allowing the study of fission of actinides which are inaccessible by conventional techniques, whereas they are important for applications. The experiment is based on multi-nucleon transfer reactions between a 238U beam and a 12C target, using the inverse kinematics technique to measure, for each transfer channel, the complete isotopic distributions of the fission fragments with the VAMOS spectrometer. work presented in this dissertation is focused on the identification of the transfer channels and their properties, as their angular distributions and the distributions of the associated excitation energy, using the SPIDER telescope to identify the target recoil nuclei. This work of an exploratory nature aims to generalize the surrogate method to heavy transfers and to measure, for the first time, the fission probabilities in inverse kinematics. The obtained results are compared with available direct kinematics and neutron irradiation measurements.CAEN-BU Sciences et STAPS (141182103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Technique de la cinématique inverse pour l étude des rendements isotopiques des fragments de fission aux énergies GANIL

Les caractéristiques des distributions des produits de fission sont le résultat des propriétés dynamiques et quantiques du processus de déformation du noyau fissionnant. Ces distributions représentent également un intérêt pour la conception de nouveaux réacteurs nucléaires ou pour l'incinération de déchets radioactifs. Jusqu'à présent, notre compréhension de la fission nucléaire reste limitée du fait de restrictions expérimentales. En particulier, les rendements des produits de fission lourds sont difficiles à obtenir avec précision. Dans cette thèse, une technique expérimentale innovante est présentée. Elle repose sur l'utilisation de la cinématique inverse couplée à l'usage d'un spectromètre, dans laquelle un faisceau d'238U à 6 ou 24 A MeV est envoyé sur des cibles légères. Différents actinides, de l'238U au 250Cf, sont produits par réactions de transfert ou de fusion, avec des énergies d'excitation allant d'une dizaine à quelques centaines de MeV selon la réaction et l'énergie du faisceau. Les fragments issus de la fission de ces actinides sont détectés par le spectromètre VAMOS ou le séparateur LISE. Les rendements isotopiques des produits de fission sont entièrement mesurés pour différents systèmes fissionnants. L'excès de neutrons des fragments est utilisé pour caractériser les distributions isotopiques. Son évolution avec l'énergie d'excitation nous procure des informations probantes sur le mécanisme de formation du noyau composé et sa désexcitation. L'excès de neutron nous renseigne également sur le nombre de neutrons évaporés par les fragments. Le rôle des effets de couches proton et neutron dans la formation des fragments de fission est également discuté.The characteristics of the fission-products distributions result of dynamical and quantum properties of the deformation process of the fissioning nucleus. These distributions have also an interest for the conception of new nuclear power plants or for the transmutation of the nuclear wastes. Up to now, our understanding of the nuclear fission remains restricted because of experimental limitations. In particular, yields of the heavy fission products are difficult to get with precision. In this work, an innovative experimental technique is presented. It is based on the use of inverse kinematics coupled to the use of a spectrometer, in which a 238U beam at 6 or 24 A MeV impinges on light targets. Several actinides, from 238U to 250Cf, are produced by transfer or fusion reactions, with an excitation energy ranges from ten to few hundreds MeV depending on the reaction and the beam energy. The fission fragments of these actinides are detected by the VAMOS spectrometer or the LISE separator. The isotopic yields of fission products are completely measured for different fissioning systems. The neutron excess of the fragments is used to characterise the isotopic distributions. Its evolution with excitation energy gives important insights on the mechanisms of the compound-nucleus formation and its deexcitation. Neutron excess is also used to determine the multiplicity of neutrons evaporated by the fragments. The role of the proton and neutron shell effects into the formation of fission fragments is also discussed.CAEN-BU Sciences et STAPS (141182103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Isospin Effects on the Nuclear Equation of State at Sub-saturation Densities

International audienceWe investigate nuclear dynamics and the Nuclear Equation of State (NEoS) by a detailed study of heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies. In particular, we explore the isospin transport phenomena, occurring during the collision between the projectile and target having different neutron-to-proton ratios (N/Z). Two phenomena are investigated: the isospin diffusion and the isospin migration. The former is related to the nucleon exchange process between the projectile and the target, the latter is related to the neutron migration towards the low density region in the neck formed at mid-rapidity. Both provide an important information on the density dependence of the symmetry energy term of the NEoS

Low-density in-medium effects on light clusters from heavy-ion data

International audienceThe modification of the ground state properties of light atomic nuclei in the nuclear and stellar medium is addressed, using chemical equilibrium constants evaluated from a new analysis of the intermediate energy heavy-ion (Xe+Sn) collision data measured by the INDRA Collaboration. Three different reactions are considered, mainly differing by the isotopic content of the emission source. The thermodynamic conditions of the data samples are extracted from the measured multiplicities allowing for a parametrization of the in-medium modification, determined with the single hypothesis that the different nuclear species in a given sample correspond to a unique common value for the density of the expanding source. We show that this correction, which was not considered in previous analyses of chemical constants from heavy-ion collisions, is necessary, since the observables of the analyzed systems show strong deviations from the expected results for an ideal gas of free clusters. This dataset is further compared to a relativistic mean-field model, and seen to be reasonably compatible with a universal correction of the attractive σ-meson coupling

Improved method for the experimental determination of in-medium effects from heavy-ion collisions

International audienceThe equation of state with light clusters for nuclear and stellar matter is determined using chemical equilibrium constants evaluated from the analysis of the recently published (Xe + Sn) heavy ion data, corresponding to three reactions with different isotopic contents of the emission source. The measured multiplicities are used to extract the thermodynamic properties, and an in-medium correction to the ideal gas internal partition function of the clusters is included in the analysis. This in-medium correction and its respective uncertainty are calculated via a Bayesian analysis, with the unique hypothesis that the different nuclear species in a given sample must correspond to a unique common value for the density of the expanding source. Different parameter sets for the correction are tested, and the effect of the radius of the clusters on the thermodynamics and on the chemical equilibrium constants is also addressed. It is shown that the equilibrium constants obtained are almost independent of the isospin content of the analysed systems. Finally, a comparison with a relativistic mean field model proves that data are consistent with a universal in-medium correction of the scalar σ-meson coupling for nucleons bound in clusters. The obtained value, , is larger than that obtained in a previous study not including in-medium effects in the data analysis. This result implies a smaller effect on the binding energy of the clusters and, as a consequence, larger melting densities, and an increased cluster contribution in supernova matter

Isoscaling in Dilute Warm Nuclear Systems

International audienceHeavy-ion collisions are a good tool to explore hot nuclear matter below saturation density. It has been established that if a nuclear system reaches the thermal and chemical equilibrium, this leads to scaling properties in the isotope production when comparing two systems which differ in proton fraction. This article presents a study of the isoscaling properties of an expanding gas source exploring different thermodynamic states (density, temperature, proton fraction). This experimental work highlights the existence of an isoscaling relationship for hydrogen and 3He, 4He helium isotopes which agrees with the hypothesis of thermal and chemical equilibrium. Moreover, this work reveals the limitations of isoscaling when the two systems differ slightly in total mass and temperature. Also, a discrepancy has been observed for the 6He isotope, which could be explained by finite size effects or by the specific halo nature of this cluster

Isoscaling in Dilute Warm Nuclear Systems

International audienceHeavy-ion collisions are a good tool to explore hot nuclear matter below saturation density. It has been established that if a nuclear system reaches the thermal and chemical equilibrium, this leads to scaling properties in the isotope production when comparing two systems which differ in proton fraction. This article presents a study of the isoscaling properties of an expanding gas source exploring different thermodynamic states (density, temperature, proton fraction). This experimental work highlights the existence of an isoscaling relationship for hydrogen and 3He, 4He helium isotopes which agrees with the hypothesis of thermal and chemical equilibrium. Moreover, this work reveals the limitations of isoscaling when the two systems differ slightly in total mass and temperature. Also, a discrepancy has been observed for the 6He isotope, which could be explained by finite size effects or by the specific halo nature of this cluster

Isoscaling in Dilute Warm Nuclear Systems

International audienceHeavy-ion collisions are a good tool to explore hot nuclear matter below saturation density. It has been established that if a nuclear system reaches the thermal and chemical equilibrium, this leads to scaling properties in the isotope production when comparing two systems which differ in proton fraction. This article presents a study of the isoscaling properties of an expanding gas source exploring different thermodynamic states (density, temperature, proton fraction). This experimental work highlights the existence of an isoscaling relationship for hydrogen and 3He, 4He helium isotopes which agrees with the hypothesis of thermal and chemical equilibrium. Moreover, this work reveals the limitations of isoscaling when the two systems differ slightly in total mass and temperature. Also, a discrepancy has been observed for the 6He isotope, which could be explained by finite size effects or by the specific halo nature of this cluster

Light Cluster Production in Central Symmetric Heavy-Ion Reactions from Fermi to Gev Energies

International audienceCorrelations and clustering are of great importance in the study of the Nuclear Equation of State. Information on these items/aspects can be obtained using heavy-ion reactions which are described by dynamical theories. We propose a dataset that will be useful for improving the description of light cluster production in transport model approaches. The dataset combines published and new data and is presented in a form that allows direct comparison of the experiment with theoretical predictions. The dataset is ranging in bombarding energy from 32 to 1930 A MeV. In constructing this dataset, we put in evidence the existence of a change in the light cluster production mechanism that corresponds to a peak in deuteron production

A new low-density nuclear matter equation of state from an experimental data analysis including in-medium effects

The modification of the ground state properties of light atomic nuclei in the nuclear and stellar medium is addressed, using chemical equilibrium constants evaluated from a new analysis of the intermediate energy heavy-ion (Xe+Sn) collision data measured by the INDRA collaboration. Three different reactions are considered, mainly differing by the isotopic content of the emission source. The thermodynamic conditions of the data samples are extracted from the measured multiplicities allowing for an in-medium correction, with the single hypothesis that the different nuclear species in a given sample correspond to a unique common value for the density of the expanding source. We show that this new correction, which was not considered in previous analyses of chemical constants from heavy ion collisions, is necessary, since the observables of the analysed systems show strong deviations from the expected results for an ideal gas of clusters. This experimental data set is further compared to a relativistic mean-field model, and seen to be reasonably compatible with a universal correction of the attractive $\sigma$5 pages,-meson coupling