Growth and Site Conditions of Acacia mangium, Acacia hybrid, Eucalyptus urophylla, Cinnamomum parthenoxylon and Erythropholeum fordii for Livelihood Security of Smallholders in Industrial Tree Planting Programs of Vietnam

Im Rahmen des BMZ/BEAF/CIFOR-Projekts "Strengthening Rural Institutions to Support Livelihood Security for Smallholders Involved in Industrial Tree/Planting Programs in Vietnam and Indonesia"Wird das Ziel anvisiert, nationale Aufforstungsbemühungen In Vietnam durch verbesserte Waldinventur-, Waldbau-und Forstpolitikkonzepte zu unterstützen. Übernutzung, Brandhackbau und Kriegseinwirkungen haben die Waldflächen Vietnams stark verändert. Obwohl die offiziellen Zahlen (2011: 39% Waldanteil) nicht ungünstig erscheinen, sind die Flächen dennoch sehr ungleichmäßig verteilt und häufig sind (erosionsgefährdete) Lagen entwaldet. Auch vor dem Hintergrund schmerzhafter Umweltkatastrophen (z.B. Hochwasserereignisse in Hue) hat sich die vietnamesische Regierung entschlossen, großflächige Aufforstungs-und Wiederbewaldungsprogramme aufzulegen. Aufforstungsprogramme mit Kleinbauern erfordern technisches Wissen und Managementerfahrung. Deshalb warden hier waldbauliche Aspekte etablierter schnellwachsender Exoten ( Acacia mangium, Acacia hybrid, Eucalyptus urophylla) und einheimische Baumarten ( Cinnamomum parthenoxylon, Erythropholeum fordii) hinsichtlich Bestandesstrukturen und waldbaulichem Potenzial bearbeitet und vorgestellt.This research has been carried out in the context of a CIFOR (Center for International Forestry Research) project. The purpose of the project is to strengthen rural institutions and promote innovative partnerships to increase productivity, profitability, and access to land, credit, and markets for smallholders participating in industrial tree-planting programs in Vietnam and Indonesia. The government of Vietnam is carrying out a large-scale 'reforestation program', with the aim of improving local livelihood security, environmental sustainability and industrial wood supply. Smallholders are involved in plantation timber production through various schemes. Generally, these reforestation efforts have been effective: eventhough smallholders often lack the appropriate technical knowledge and manage skills. Therefore, the proper research on silvicultural and management aspects of fast growing species and also native species are necessary. In this study, three exotic, Acacia mangiu, Acacia hybrid, Eucalyptus urophylla and two native species, Cinnamomum parthenoxylon, Erythropholeum fordii were selected to conduct stand structure and stand volume analyses in different ages

Myanmar’s Perspective of "One Belt, One Road"

Myanmar’s reforms during the five-year term of President U Thein Sein have indicated her reintegration into the international community. Myanmar’s future directions also opened new opportunities for her to cooperate with its regional neighbors. Her active participation can be seen in regional organiza-tions such as ASEAN, BIMSTEC, ACMECS, and GMS. Myanmar plays a unique role in these groups as the geo-strategic link between the South Asia, Southeast Asia and Myanmar and will bridge these important regions for the prosperity of the region. Myanmar entered these regions with the aim to gain economic benefits from information exchanges, technical know-how, modern communication system, prevention of transnational crime and elimination of drug trafficking, environmental protection, solutions for climate change issues, and disaster management. It also can have better friendship and closer contacts with regional countries by making people-to-people contacts and tourism promotion. Furthermore, Myanmar can achieve positive impacts from further collaboration in research and development, human resource development, technology transfer and private sector participation among member countries

Global Overview and Myanmar Democratic Transition

Myanmar transition since 2010 is praised as “Myanmar spring” by the international media due to its smooth democratization process. The 2015 post election of Myanmar is again praised by the international community for two factors: one is free and fair election which is one of the core values of democracy and another is peaceful transfer of power from semi-civilian government to elected civilian government. Myanmar democratic transition is now on her way and democratic consolidation is necessary for the completed transition. In the global agenda, the past two decades have witnessed the most remarkable development toward democracy, which has been referred to as third wave of democratization. Since then, democracy replaced the military or “quasi-civilian” regimes. It is an opportunity for Myanmar today to learn from the global trends of democratic transition. In the last quarter of the twentieth century, trends in seven different regions converged to change the political landscape of the world: the fall of right-wing authoritarian regimes in Southern Europe in the mid-1970s, the replacement of military dictatorship by elected civilian governments across Latin American from late 1970s to late 1980s, the decline of authoritarian rule in parts of East and South Asia starting in the mid-1980s, the collapse of the communist regime in Eastern Europe at the end of the 1900s, the breakup of the Soviet Union and the establishment of the post-Soviet republics in 1991, the decline of one-party regimes in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa in the first half of the 1990s and a weak but recognize liberalizing trend in some Middle East countries in the 1990s. Despite these regional democratic trends, some countries continue to be beset by unstable parliamentary institutions, weak rule of law, and inchoate systems of political representation, chronic corruption, bureaucratic inefficiency, and a lack of social justice

Assessing the Perspective of the EU and ASEAN on China’s OBOR Initiative

This study discusses how China’s ‘‘One Belt, One Road” (OBOR) initiative has been received in two different regional contexts: the EU and ASEAN. President Xi Jinping’s Chinese Dream involves expanding the economic and the military capabilities of China globally under the banner of the “China Goes Global” strategy. In line with this strategy, the OBOR initiative proposed by President Xi Jinping encompasses two main components: the land-based “Silk Road Economic Belt” (SREB) and the oceanic “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” (MSR). Historical records show that what became known as the Silk Road was created when Chinese emperors sought to expand their economic power to the Middle East and Central Asia. The fabled Silk Road still projects an image and impacts the world today. How, then, is China trying to extend its strategies amid global and regional uncertainty? For the completion of OBOR, cooperation and engagement with both the EU and ASEAN will be indispensable. These two regional organizations face dilemmas in dealing with China’s position and intentions. ASEAN has been divided on the South China Sea dispute; the EU has been divided as regards China’s OBOR. ASEAN’s concerns related to political and security matters rather than economic factors, whereas the EU’s concern over OBOR involves economic factors

Myanmar's Reforms and Opening the New Chapter with ASEAN

This chapter explores Southeast Asia’s foreign policy, focusing on Myanmar. It covers how Myanmar formed and developed its relationship with the U.S. and China, what Myanmar’s national interest is, how it influences foreign polices toward the two big giants, and how Myanmar shapes its policies in response to the conflictual and suspicious relationship between Washington and Beijing

Myanmar's Reform and its impact on Myanmar-China Relations

Myanmar embarked on domestic reform measures with the inception of new democratic government in 2011. New democratic government initiated three phrases of reform measures: political reform, social economic reform and administrative reform under democratization process. Political and economic liberalization were ambitious reforms agendas to integrate in global community. Internally, the political change in Myanmar was the outcome to Tatmataw (military) government's designated political agenda that was configured by Seven Step of Road Map. Externally, it can be seen that reform measure. Were carried out in line with the leader desired to acquire the reputational cause in its external relations. With the initial success of democratic reform in Myanmar, it rendered a series of uncertainties for China' relations with Myanmar. In addition, undertaking democratic reforms diversity Myanmar's foreign relations and mitigate its dependence on China. In this context, China has adjusted it posture and policy toward Myanmar. Based on this background, this research attempts to explore how and what reform measure were undertaken by President U Thein Sein's government and what are the impacts on Myanmar-China relations

Myanmar:Reintegrating into the International Community

Located at the junction of East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia, Myanmar is one of the most important countries in the world's geopolitical landscape. Its ongoing political and economic reforms arouse growing concern from the international community, especially great powers like the US, Japan, India and China. Will the demostic reform bring Myanmar back to the international community? How and to which extent does the demostic reform change Myanmar's relations with other countries? This book is based on papers presented at an international conference on Myanmar held at the Institute of Myanmar Studies in Yunnan University, China in 2014. Based on their long-term observation and studies, experts from China, Laos, Myanmar, Germany, Singapore and the US share their opinions on Myanmar's domestic reform and foreign relations, as well as the current situation and future prospect. This book contributes to better understanding of Myanmar in its dramatic political and social transition

Indo-US Relations: Indo-US Nuclear Deal and Its Impact

National security and national interests, in terms of realist premises are the core value for every nations whether it is big power or small power in international system . Security and defense strategy of the US and India after the Cold War has been significantly outlined the importance of national interests in The "strategic Partnership" pursued by the US Administration under the President Bush in 2004 was remarkably a turning point in Indo-US relations. Progressively, Obama-Modi relation is also supportive to 200S Indo-US Nuclear Deal though the US Congress and India opposition groups harshly criticized at the implementation of the Deal under internatima1ly recognized measures and standards. India and Pakistan, the rival regional power in south Am are, in fact, unilaterally withdrew from Non-Nuclear Proliferation (NPI) as signatories after 2010 missile tests. The US together with European Union imposed sanction both India and Pakistan for nuclear missile tests Here, it is necessary understand the security and defense priority of both countries is to be observed based on mutual national interests. It also needs to study major factors that force India and the US to continue strategic partnership under the context of Indian Ocean Region (IOR). At least, it hopes to learn lessons from 2005 Indo-US Nuclear Deal negotiation of India and the US in context of Civilian purpose nuclear technology in country developmen

Foreign Direct Investment in Oil and Gus Sector in Myanmar

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a significant source of finance for many developing countries. It has the potential to ensure the sustainable economic and industrial deve1opment in Myanmar; FDI often leads to economic benefits such as employment opportunities, increased access to export markets, and entrepreneurial skill enhancement. In addition FDI often increases access to new technology, technological expertise and foreign exchange, all of which can divide the development process. In order to attract FDI, Myanmar has prioritized resource-based heavy investment resource-based export-oriented vaulted -added products, and labour-intensive export-oriented projects. Since Myanmar introduced a market- oriented economy and allowed foreign investment in1988, the country's energy sector had been the primary beneficiary of FDI as well as a pillar of the national economy. In this context, this study aims to explore the role lid potential of FDI in Myanmar's oi1 and gas sector. The development of the national oil and gas sector provides positive prospects for inflows of resources from abroad in the form of FDI, which has important. Implications on both economic and social development in Myanmar

Optimal Route Planning in Yangon Transportation Network

In recent year, the transportation networksare becoming more and more complex andnavigation services are increasingly necessaryfor the people living in the modern society. Oneof the requirements in the cities of Myanmar is tofulfill the effective transportation and navigationservice not only for the local people but also forthe foreigner who are not familiar withTransportation System in Myanmar. In thisproposed system, optimal path will berecommended for the person who will ride thebus from its location to nearest bus stop andsuggest the shortest path to the destination busstop. Modified Dijkstra Algorithm will be used tocalculate the optimal path by creating the graphdatabase for the Yangon transportation networkon the mobile device