Beam dynamics for cyclotrons

This paper intends to introduce the beam dynamics in the cyclotron. The long history of the cyclotron evolution is reminded and the different developments since 1929 from E. Lawrence’s great idea are reviewed from conventional cyclotron to synchrocyclotron. The transverse and longitudinal beam dynamics are detailed as well as the specific quantities applied to cyclotron. Finally, and since the study of the dynamics in cyclotrons differs from the one in synchrotrons due to the non-periodic lattice, an opening to beam dynamics computation is proposed to handle the peculiar way of cyclotron tuning. A list of books, articles and proceedings is referred to the end to go deeper in the subjec

GANIL Status report

The GANIL-Spiral facility (Caen, France) is dedicated to the acceleration of heavy ion beams for nuclear physics, atomic physics, radiobiology and material irradiation. The production of radioactive ion beams for nuclear physics studies represents the main part of the activity. The facility possesses a versatile combination of equipments, which permits to produce accelerated radioactive ion beams with two complementary methods: Isotope Separation In Line (ISOL) and In-Flight Separation techniques (IFS). Considering the future of GANIL, SPIRAL II projects aims to produce high intensity secondary beams, by fission induced with a 5 mA deuteron beam on an uranium target.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, to be appear in the proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Application

Operation status of High Intensity Ion Beams at GANIL

International audienceThe GANIL facility (Caen, France) is dedicated to the acceleration of heavy ion beams for nuclear physics, atomic physics, radiobiology and material irradiation. The production of stable and radioactive ion beams for nuclear physics studies represents the main part of the activity. Two complementary methods are used for exotic beam production: the Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL, the SPIRAL1 facility) and the In- Flight Separation techniques (IFS). SPIRAL1, the ISOL facilty, is running since 2001, producing and post-accelerating radioactive ion beams. The running modes of the accelerators will be recalled as well as a review of the operation from 2001 to 2008. A point will be done on the way we managed the high intensity ion beam transport issues and constraints which allows the exotic beam production improvement

Estatuetas funerárias egípcias do império novo em traje dos vivos

Tese de mestrado em História e Cultura Pré-Clássica apresentada à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, 2008No Império Médio verifica-se o aparecimento nos túmulos de um novo tipo de estatueta funerária, denominada de chauabti, que materializa, tal como a múmia, o corpo eterno do defunto através do qual o seu proprietário poderá continuar a existir e a receber os alimentos tão indispensáveis para a concretização da sua nova vida eterna. Mas se numa primeira fase o chauabti constitui um substituto pessoal do corpo do defunto, nos finais do Império Médio ocorre uma evolução do seu significado mediante a inscrição de uma fórmula mágica que especifica de forma clara a sua função. Ao descrever as tarefas agrícolas destinadas a serem realizadas no Além por um servidor pessoal do defunto, este ficava isento de trabalhar no outro mundo, mantendo assim o estatuto privilegiado da sua vida terrena e assegurando a sua alimentação eterna. Deste modo, a imagem do proprietário e a do servidor passam a estar reunidas numa só estatueta mumiforme, que adquire assim uma dupla função. No Império Novo, sobretudo a partir da XIX dinastia, constata-se uma nova evolução nas estatuetas ao nível da sua iconografia, pois determinados exemplares, pertencentes a túmulos privados, abandonam o envoltório fúnebre para vestir uma indumentária do dia-a-dia, denominada de traje dos vivos. Se por um lado este traje de uso festivo e cerimonial reflecte a opulência e o gosto pelo luxo, próprios de uma época de expansão e de prosperidade, no contexto do culto funerário pode implicar um significado mais profundo, constituindo um dos principais objectivos do presente estudo. Ao representar a aparência física de uma pessoa viva, idealizada na sua plena juventude, o chauabti em traje dos vivos assemelha-se à estátua do ka, sublinhando a função de substituto pessoal do corpo do defunto. Igualmente, o traje dos vivos confere ao chauabti uma qualidade própria de um ser transfigurado que passa a ser considerado um sah, ou seja, um ser com características divinas, devidamente preparado para alcançar a ressurreição eterna. Todavia, a presença da fórmula mágica no chauabti em traje dos vivos, juntamente com outra inovação iconográfica do Império Novo, isto é, a representação de instrumentos agrícolas nas mãos das estatuetas, continua a reforçar o papel de servidor, sobressaindo, uma vez mais, a dupla função da estatueta, criando-se uma ideia de unidade e de complementaridade, que exprime o carácter pragmático do pensamento Egípcio.In the Middle Kingdom a new type of funerary statue appears in the tombs, known as shabti, which come into being, like the mummy itself, the deceased eternal body, by which its owner continue to exist and receive the vital food, so crucial for the achievement of his new eternal life. But if in the first stage the shabti represents a personal substitute of the deceased's body, at Middle Kingdom's end an important development come about in its meaning, through a shabti spell, written upon it, which clearly specifies its function. By establishing the agricultural tasks intended to be carry out in the Hereafter by the deceased personal servant, he could escape from menial work in the Beyond, keep his privileged status that he was on earth and will have at his disposal eternal nourishment. Therefore, both the deceased's and the servant's figures are unified in a single mumiforme statue, which gain a double function. In the New Kingdom, mainly from the 19th Dynasty, a new development take place regarding the figure's iconography, since certain models, from private tombs, leave behind the funerary involucres to wear an everyday life dress, known as daily life costume of the living. If in a way this festive and ceremonial clothing reflects the opulence and the taste for luxury, typical of an expansion and prosperity period, in the context of the funerary cult this can involve a deeper meaning, forming one of the most important purposes of this study. The physical representation of a living person, idealized in his full youth, makes the shabti similar to a ka-statue, emphasizing the function of personal substitute of the deceased's body. In an equal manner, the daily costume gives to the shabti a quality of a transfigured being that become to be considered a sah, this means, a being with divine characteristics, well prepared to reach the eternal resurrection. On the other hand, the presence of the magical spell in the shabti dressed with his daily costume, together with another iconographic innovation of the New Kingdom, that is, the representation of agricultural tools in the hands of the statues, continue to reinforce the role as a servant, standing out once more the double function of the statue, creating an idea of unity and complementation that express the pragmatic character of the Egyptian spirit

Nulling Emittance Measurement Technique for CLIC Test Facility

In order to test the principle of Two-Beam-Acceleration (TBA), the CLIC Test Facility utilizes a high-intensity drive beam of 640 to 1000 nC to generate 30 GHz accelerating fields. To ensure that the beam is transported efficiently, a robust measurement of beam emittance and Twiss parameters is required. This is accomplished by measuring the beam size on a profile monitor, while scanning five or more upstream quadrupoles in such a fashion that the Twiss parameters at the profile monitor remain constant while the phase advance through the beam line changes. In this way the beam size can be sampled at different phases while a near-constant size is of such measurement devices, especially those associated with limited dynamic range. In addition, the beam size is explicitly constant for a matched beam, which provides a ``nulling'' measurement of the match. Details of the technique, simulations, and results of the measurements are discussed

Emittance Growth during Bunch Compression in the CTF-II

Measurements of the beam emittance during bunch compression in the CLIC Test Facility (CTF-II) are described. The measurements were made with different beam charges and different energy correlations versus the bunch compressor settings which were varied from no compression through the point of full compression and to over-compression. Significant increases in the beam emittance were observed with the maximum emittance occuring near the point of full (maximal) compression. Finally, evaluation of possible emittance dilution mechanisms indicate that coherent synchrotron radiation was the most likely cause

Obesity and variants of the GHRL (ghrelin) and BCHE (butyrylcholinesterase) genes

Ghrelin coded by the GHRL gene is related to weight-gain, its deactivation possibly depending on its hydrolyzation by butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) encoded by the BCHE gene, an enzyme already associated with the body mass index (BMI). The aim was to search for relationships between SNPs of the GHRL and BCHE genes with BChE activity, BMI and obesity in 144 obese and 153 nonobese Euro-Brazilian male blood donors. In the obese individuals, a significant association with higher BChE activity, in the 72LM+72MM; –116GG genotype class (GHRL and BCHE genes, respectively) was noted. No significant differences were found otherwise, through comparisons between obese and control individuals, of genotype and allele frequencies in SNPs of the GHRL gene (Arg51Gln and Leu72Met), or mean BMI between 72LL and 72LM+72MM genotypes. Although there appears to be no direct relationship between the examined GHRL SNPs and BMI, the association of the 72M SNP with higher BChE activity in obese subjects probably points to a regulatory mechanism, thereby implying the influence of the GHRL gene on BChE expression, and a consequential metabolic role in the complex process of fat utilization