Higher Order Approximation for Stimulated Raman Scattering Including Walk-off Effect

The performance of an optical system is reduced by nonlinear effects. It is known that when optical power is very high then non linear effects tend to manifest themselves, so the study became important in DWDM system. The fiber nonlinearities fall into two categories. One is stimulated scattering (Raman and Brillouin), and the second is known as optical Kerr effect. With these effects the results are changed in the refractive index of fiber with optical power. With different input signals kerr-non-linearity manifests itself in three different effects such as Self-Phase Modulation (SPM), Cross-Phase Modulation (CPM) and Four-Wave Mixing (FWM). At high power level, the inelastic scattering phenomenon can induce stimulated effects such as Stimulated Brillouin-Scattering (SBS) and Stimulated Raman-Scattering (SRS). The Brillouin and Raman scattering can be differentiated as the Brillouin generated phonons (acoustic) are coherent and give rise to a macroscopic acoustic wave in fiber, while in Raman scattering the phonons (optical) are incoherent and no macroscopic wave is generated, So SRS is much less problem than SBS. The threshold of SRS is nearly to 1 Watt, more than thousand times higher than SBS. But the real systems are being expanded with EDFAs having output optical powers of 500 mW (+27 dBm), and this will only go higher. A fiber optic link that includes three such optical amplifiers will reach this limit since the limit drops proportionally by the number of optical amplifiers in series

Role of clobetasol propionate 0.025% topical therapy in various dermatoses

The anti-inflammatory and vasoconstrictive properties of topical corticosteroids (TCs) contribute in providing therapeutic benefits in several skin conditions, including atopic eczema, localized vitiligo, psoriasis, and chronic hand eczema. Clobetasol propionate (CP) is the most common topical agent used for psoriasis management and demonstrates an efficacy superior to other TCs. A new CP 0.025% cream formulation has demonstrated hypoallergenic effects due to the absence of known contact allergens, such as propylene glycol, short-chain alcohols, and sorbitol-based emulsifiers. Lower CP serum levels and less hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis suppression with CP 0.025% cream formulation than with CP 0.05% ensure better safety. The present case series discusses the clinical experience of using CP 0.025% cream in various dermatological conditions

Management of radial clubhand with gradual distraction followed by centralization

<b>Background:</b> Treatment of radial clubhand has progressed over the years from no treatment to aggressive surgical correction. Various surgical methods of correction have been described; Centralization of the carpus over the distal end of the ulna has become the method of choice. Corrective casting prior to centralization is an easy and effective method of obtaining soft tissue stretching before any definitive procedure is undertaken. Moreover, it helps put the limb in a correct position. The outcome of deformity correction by serial casting / Jess0 distractor followed by centralization is discussed. <b> Materials and Methods:</b> In a prospective study, of 17 cases with 18 radial clubhands of Heikel&#x2032;s Grade III and IV (with average age 11 months (range 20 days - 24 months) with M:F of 2.6:1, were treated by gradual soft tissue stretching using corrective cast (14 cases) and JESS distraction (4 cases), followed by centralization (16 cases) or radialization (2 cases) and tendon transfers. <b> Results:</b> The average correction attained during the study was 71&#x00B0; of radial deviation and 31&#x00B0; of volar flexion. The average third metacarpal to distal ulna angle in anteroposterior and lateral view at final follow-up was 7&#x00B0; in both views. Angle of movement at elbow showed a small increase from 99&#x00B0; to 101&#x00B0; during the follow-up period. However, the range of movement at fingers showed increase in stiffness during the follow-up. No injury occurred to the distal ulnar epiphysis during the operative intervention. The results at the final follow-up, at the end of 2 years were graded on the basis of the criteria of F.W. Bora, and of Bayne and Klug. Considering the criteria of F.W. Bora, satisfactory result was shown by nine of the 18 hands (50&#x0025;) while 16 out of 18 hands (89&#x0025;) showed good or satisfactory result based on deformity criteria of Bayne and Klug. <b>Conclusion:</b> The management of radial clubhand by gradual corrective cast or Jess0 distractor followed by centralization and tendon transfers in children is an acceptable method of treatment with consistently satisfactory results, both functional and cosmetic

Excretion of SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk: a single-centre observational study

Background Breast feeding by SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers has been a concern because of the possibility of excretion of virus in breast milk.Objective To detect SARS-CoV-2 in expressed breast milk (EBM) of mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2 and clinical outcome of neonates delivered and breast fed by them.Design A single-centre, prospective observational study involving 50 SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers and their 51 neonates.Setting A tertiary care hospital in Eastern India.Participants SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers and neonates delivered by them.Main outcome measures We investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the breast milk of mothers, who tested positive for this virus in their nasopharyngeal swab (NPS). Clinical outcome was assessed in neonates breast fed by these mothers after 1 month of the postnatal period.Results 50 SARS-CoV-2-positive expectant mothers were enrolled for the study. One out of 51 neonates, who delivered through lower segment caesarean section at term gestation and tested SARS-CoV-2 negative, died due to severe birth asphyxia. One sample of EBM was collected from each of the 49 mothers within 4 days of delivery. All EBM samples tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 through real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR). All the newborns were screened twice for presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in their NPS, by RT-PCR. 2 of 51 neonates had COVID-19 infection after 24 hours of life. Caregivers of 37 of 50 alive neonates responded to follow-up via telephone. Except for minor feed intolerance in one (1 of 37) neonate, all neonates were reported well after 1 month of their age.Conclusion All the samples of breast milk were negative for SARS-CoV-2. Most of the neonates remained asymptomatic on breast feeding, whose mothers had SARS-CoV-2 infection before delivery

Identification of a Novel Gene Product, Sertoli Cell Gene with a Zinc Finger Domain, That Is Important for FSH Activation of Testicular Sertoli Cells

Sertoli cells provide the cytoarchitectural support and microenvironment necessary for the process of spermatogenesis. A novel, ubiquitously expressed cDNA clone was isolated from Sertoli cells and termed Sertoli cell gene with a zinc finger domain (SERZ). A significant homology of SERZ was found with a mouse genomic sequence that suggested the presence of at least 10 exons. An open reading frame at the 5'-end of the cDNA, termed SERZ-alpha, had a cryptic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain, but no start codon. When a start codon was engineered into the 5'-end of the cDNA, an in vitro translation product of SERZ-alpha was obtained. The longest second open reading frame with an ATG start site at 304 bp from the 5'-end coded for a 308-amino acid SERZ-beta polypeptide. Motif analysis and BLAST search of SERZ-beta showed significant homology to the DHHC domain of conserved zinc finger proteins. A number of potential phosphorylation sites were observed in the SERZ-beta polypeptide sequence. The long 5'-untranslated region of SERZ-beta prompted an investigation of both potential alternate polypeptide products, SERZ-alpha and SERZ-beta. Both SERZ-alpha and SERZ-beta proteins were detected with specific antibodies to SERZ-beta and the 5'-end open reading frame SERZ-alpha in a Western blot analysis of total Sertoli cell proteins. The presence of the SERZ-beta polypeptide was also confirmed by in vitro translation of the cDNA, but SERZ-alpha was not translated in vitro in the absence of an engineered start codon. The expression pattern of SERZ mRNA was observed in all tissues examined. The transcript size of SERZ as determined by Northern blot analysis is approximately 2.7 kb. An antisense oligonucleotide to SERZ was found not to influence basal levels of transferrin promoter activation, but significantly blocked FSH-induced transferrin promoter activation. SERZ mRNA expression was not regulated by FSH treatment of Sertoli cell cultures. In summary, a novel gene product, SERZ, was identified that appears to have a role in maintaining Sertoli cell differentiated functions and mediating FSH actions. Translation of SERZ may give rise to two gene products; however, the SERZ-beta containing the zinc finger domain is probably the principal product of the SERZ gene