Evolutionarily Stable Correlation

Most existing results of evolutionary games restrict only to the Nash equilibrium. This paper introduces the analogue of evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) for correlated equilibria. We introduce a new notion of evolutionarily stable correlation (ESC) and prove that it generalizes ESS. We also study analogues of perfection (cf. Dhillon and Mertens (1994)), properness, and replicator dynamics for the correlation equilibrium and discuss their relationships with ESCCorrelated Equilibrium, Evolutionarily Stable Correlation, Evolutionarily Stable State, Random Device

Effect of Hairpin Diagram on Two-body Nonleptonic B Decays and CP Violation

A careful quark-diagram analysis shows that a number of two-body nonleptonic $B$ decays can occur through the so-called hairpin diagram, a QCD loop-induced graph different from penguin in final-state hadronization of valence quarks. Using the two-loop renormalization-group-improved effective Hamiltonian and the naive factorization approximation, we demonstrate the effect of the hairpin diagram on decay rates and $CP$ asymmetries for a few interesting channels such as $B^{0}_{d},\bar{B}^{0}_{d} \rightarrow \psi K_{S}$ and $B^{\pm}_{u}\rightarrow \phi K^{\pm}$. Branching ratios of some pure hairpin decay modes, e.g., $B^{-}_{u}\rightarrow \phi \pi^{-},\phi \rho^{-}$ and $\bar{B}^{0}_{d}\rightarrow \phi \pi^{0},\phi \rho^{0}, \phi \omega, \phi \eta,$ etc., are estimated to be on the order of $10^{-7}$.Comment: 14 pages (Latex, 2 figures available), BIHEP-TH-93-25 (accepted for publication in Phys. Lett. B

The CKM matrix with maximal CP violation from Z(12) symmetry

The recent accurate determination of the CKM parameters including the maximal CP phase 90 degrees enables us to write down the up-type and down-type quark mass matrices to a high degree of accuracy. The lightest element(the uu element) of the quark mass texture (not the mass eigenvalue) has a power lambda**6 where lambda=sin(Cabibbo angle). The CP phase of 360 degrees divided by an integer hints a discrete symmetry. Since lambda**6 is the highest power among the quark mass matrix elements, we present as an example a possibility that the maximal CP phase 90 degrees is obtainable from a supersymmetric Z(12) discrete symmetry model.Comment: 7 pages of LaTeX file. No figur

Bit Fusion: Bit-Level Dynamically Composable Architecture for Accelerating Deep Neural Networks

Fully realizing the potential of acceleration for Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) requires understanding and leveraging algorithmic properties. This paper builds upon the algorithmic insight that bitwidth of operations in DNNs can be reduced without compromising their classification accuracy. However, to prevent accuracy loss, the bitwidth varies significantly across DNNs and it may even be adjusted for each layer. Thus, a fixed-bitwidth accelerator would either offer limited benefits to accommodate the worst-case bitwidth requirements, or lead to a degradation in final accuracy. To alleviate these deficiencies, this work introduces dynamic bit-level fusion/decomposition as a new dimension in the design of DNN accelerators. We explore this dimension by designing Bit Fusion, a bit-flexible accelerator, that constitutes an array of bit-level processing elements that dynamically fuse to match the bitwidth of individual DNN layers. This flexibility in the architecture enables minimizing the computation and the communication at the finest granularity possible with no loss in accuracy. We evaluate the benefits of BitFusion using eight real-world feed-forward and recurrent DNNs. The proposed microarchitecture is implemented in Verilog and synthesized in 45 nm technology. Using the synthesis results and cycle accurate simulation, we compare the benefits of Bit Fusion to two state-of-the-art DNN accelerators, Eyeriss and Stripes. In the same area, frequency, and process technology, BitFusion offers 3.9x speedup and 5.1x energy savings over Eyeriss. Compared to Stripes, BitFusion provides 2.6x speedup and 3.9x energy reduction at 45 nm node when BitFusion area and frequency are set to those of Stripes. Scaling to GPU technology node of 16 nm, BitFusion almost matches the performance of a 250-Watt Titan Xp, which uses 8-bit vector instructions, while BitFusion merely consumes 895 milliwatts of power

Flavor SU(3) symmetry and QCD factorization in B→PPB \to PP and PVPV decays

Using flavor SU(3) symmetry, we perform a model-independent analysis of charmless $\bar B_{u,d} (\bar B_s) \to PP, ~PV$ decays. All the relevant topological diagrams, including the presumably subleading diagrams, such as the QCD- and EW-penguin exchange diagrams and flavor-singlet weak annihilation ones, are introduced. Indeed, the QCD-penguin exchange diagram turns out to be important in understanding the data for penguin-dominated decay modes. In this work we make efforts to bridge the (model-independent but less quantitative) topological diagram or flavor SU(3) approach and the (quantitative but somewhat model-dependent) QCD factorization (QCDF) approach in these decays, by explicitly showing how to translate each flavor SU(3) amplitude into the corresponding terms in the QCDF framework. After estimating each flavor SU(3) amplitude numerically using QCDF, we discuss various physical consequences, including SU(3) breaking effects and some useful SU(3) relations among decay amplitudes of $\bar B_s \to PV$ and $\bar B_d \to PV$.Comment: 47 pages, 3 figures, 28 table

Hadronic Charmed Meson Decays Involving Tensor Mesons

Charmed meson decays into a pseudoscalar meson P and a tensor meson T are studied. The charm to tensor meson transition form factors are evaluated in the Isgur-Scora-Grinstein-Wise (ISGW) quark model. It is shown that the Cabibbo-allowed decay $D_s^+\to f_2(1270)\pi^+$ is dominated by the W-annihilation contribution and has the largest branching ratio in $D\to TP$ decays. We argue that the Cabibbo-suppressed mode $D^+\to f_2(1270)\pi^+$ should be suppressed by one order of magnitude relative to $D_s^+\to f_2(1270)\pi^+$. When the finite width effect of the tensor resonances is taken into account, the decay rate of $D\to TP$ is generally enhanced by a factor of $2\sim 3$. Except for $D_s^+\to f_2(1270)\pi^+$, the predicted branching ratios of $D\to TP$ decays are in general too small by one to two orders of magnitude compared to experiment. However, it is very unlikely that the $D\to T$ transition form factors can be enhanced by a factor of $3\sim 5$ within the ISGW quark model to account for the discrepancy between theory and experiment. As many of the current data are still preliminary and lack sufficient statistic significance, more accurate measurements are needed to pin down the issue.Comment: 11 page

Preparation of Blue TiO2 for Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalysis

Titanium dioxide (TiO2), which is regarded as a semiconductor photocatalyst, has drawn attention in the applications of photocatalysis, including hydrogen evolution reaction, carbon dioxide reduction, pollutant degradation, and biocatalytic or dye-sensitized solar cells due to its low toxicity, superior photocatalytic activity, and good chemical stability. However, there are still some disadvantages such as too large energy bandgap (~3.34 eV and ~3.01 eV for anatase and rutile phases, respectively) in the absorbance of all ranges of lights, which limits the photoelectrochemical performance of TiO2. Herein, we like to introduce photocatalytic blue TiO2 that is obtained by the reduction of TiO2. The blue TiO2 consists of Ti3+ state with high oxygen defect density that can absorb the visible and infrared as well as ultraviolet light due to its low energy bandgap, leading to enhance a photocatalytic activity. This chapter covers the structure and properties of blue TiO2, its possible applications in visible-light-driven photocatalysis, and mainly various synthetic methods even including phase-selective room-temperature solution process under atmospheric pressure

Are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors a Secondary Cause of Low Bone Density?

Background. Osteoporosis is a chronic disease that can significantly impact numerous aspects of health and wellness. The individual consequences of osteoporosis can be devastating, often resulting in substantial loss of independence and sometimes death. One of the few illnesses with greater disease burden than low bone mineral density (BMD) is major depressive disorder (MDD). Both depression and antidepressant use have been identified as secondary causes of osteoporosis. The objective of this paper is to review and summarize the current findings on the relationship between antidepressant use and BMD. Methods. Relevant sources were identified from the Pubmed and MEDLINE databases, citing articles from the first relevant publication to September 1st, 2010. Results. 2001 articles initially met the search criteria, and 35 studies were thoroughly reviewed for evidence of an association between SSRI use and BMD, and 8 clinical studies were detailed and summarized in this paper. Conclusions. Current findings suggest a link between mental illness and osteoporosis that is of clinical relevance. Additional longitudinal studies and further research on possible mechanisms surrounding the association between SSRI use on bone metabolism need to be conducted. Treatment algorithms need to recognize this association to ensure that vulnerable populations are screened

Performance analysis of a flux-concentrating field-modulated permanent-magnet machine for direct-drive applications

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