KESANTUNAN TINDAK TUTUR GURU MADRASAH ALIYAH RUHUL ISLAM ANAK BANGSA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN

ABSTRAKMaulidawati, 2016. Kesantunan Tindak Tutur Guru Madrasah Aliyah Ruhul Islam Anak Bangsa dalam Pembelajaran. Tesis, Program Studi Magister Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, Program Pascasarjana Universitas Syiah Kuala. Pembimbing (1) Dr. Rajab Bahry, M.Pd. dan (2) Dr. Wildan, M.Pd.Kata Kunci: kesantunan, tindak tutur, guruPenelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis wujud kesantunan tindak tutur, mengidentifikasi jenis tindak tutur, mendeskripsikan penyimpangan terhadap prinsip-prinsip kesantunan tindak tutur guru Madrasah Aliyah Ruhul Islam Anak Bangsa dalam pembelajaran. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dan jenis penelitiannya adalah penelitian deskriptif. Sumber data diperoleh dari tindak tutur guru dengan mata pelajaran yang bervariasi dan kelas yang berbeda. Teknikpengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik simak bebas libat cakap, peneliti tidak terlibat komunikasi antara guru dan siswa, peneliti hanya menjadi pengamat penuh dalam penggunaan bahasa guru dalam pembelajaran di kelas. Jadi, untuk melakukan pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini ada 3 teknik yang digunakan, yaitu simak, yang didukung dengan teknik rekam dan catat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa maksim-maksim yang dipatuhi oleh guru Madrasah Aliyah Ruhul Islam Anak Bangsa, antara lain: maksim kebijaksanaan, maksim pemufakatan, maksim penghargaan, maksim kesederhanaan, maksim kedermawanan, dan maksim kesimpatian. Tuturan tersebut dituturkan dengan menggunakan tindak tutur direktif, tindak tutur representatif, tindak tutur deklarasi, tindak tutur ekspresif. Penyimpangan terhadap prinsip kesantunan tindak tutur yang ditemukan adalahpenyimpangan karena tidak adanya pemakaian kata honorifik, pemakaian kata tabu, dan kesalahan penggunaan kata ganti untuk orang tua atau orang yang lebih tua. Berdasarkan data yang ada, dapat disimpulkan bahwa guru Madrasah Aliyah Ruhul Islam Anak Bangsa santun dalam bertindak tutur.Banda Ace

Inter-Relationship between Economic Growth, Savings and Inflation in Asia

The present study examines the inter- relationship between economic growth, saving rate and inflation for south-east and south Asia in a simultaneous equation framework using two stage least squares with panel data. The relationship between saving rate and growth has been found to be bi-directional and positive. Inflation has a highly significant negative effect on growth but positive effect on saving rate. Inflation is not affected by growth but is largely determined by its past values, and saving rate is not affected by interest rate. These findings for countries in Asia with widely divergent values of aggregates are very relevant for development policies and strategies

Aerosol perturbations related to volcanic eruptions during the past few centuries as recorded in an ice core from the Central Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica

High-resolution glacio-chemical analyses were carried out in a 62.2 m long ice core recovered from the Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, to evaluate temporal changes in environmental characteristics during the past five centuries. The sulphate (SO 4 2-) content within the core varied between 15 and 377 ppb, whereas the sodium (Na +) and chloride (Cl -) content fluctuated widely from 7 to 500 ppb and 25 to 1461 ppb respectively. The computed non-sea-salt sulphate (nssSO 4 2-) record reveals the existence of several outstanding peaks that can be attributed to the sulphate aerosol deposition during large volcanic events as recorded in Antarctica and elsewhere. Major volcanic events identified at the core site include: Mt Pinatubo (1991), Agung (1963), Krakatau/Tarawera (1883/1886), Tambora (1815) and Huaynaputina (1600) among several other moderate events. Comparison of our nssSO 4 2- record with that of ice core records from Greenland reveals analogous sulphate deposition during certain major volcanic events, demonstrating the interhemispheric transport of aerosols during large volcanic eruptions. Relatively high Cl -/Na + ratio throughout the core (mean 3.1) compared to that of the sea water ratio implies additional sources of Cl -, most likely due to the intense scavenging of gaseous Cl - in the lower atmosphere

Biosynthesized nanoparticles: a novel approach for cancer therapeutics

Nanotechnology has become one of the most rapid, innovative, and adaptable sciences in modern science and cancer therapy. Traditional chemotherapy has limits owing to its non-specific nature and adverse side effects on healthy cells, and it remains a serious worldwide health issue. Because of their capacity to specifically target cancer cells and deliver therapeutic chemicals directly to them, nanoparticles have emerged as a viable strategy for cancer therapies. Nanomaterials disclose novel properties based on size, distribution, and shape. Biosynthesized or biogenic nanoparticles are a novel technique with anti-cancer capabilities, such as triggering apoptosis in cancer cells and slowing tumour growth. They may be configured to deliver medications or other therapies to specific cancer cells or tumour markers. Despite their potential, biosynthesized nanoparticles confront development obstacles such as a lack of standardisation in their synthesis and characterization, the possibility of toxicity, and their efficiency against various forms of cancer. The effectiveness and safety of biosynthesized nanoparticles must be further investigated, as well as the types of cancer they are most successful against. This review discusses the promise of biosynthesized nanoparticles as a novel approach for cancer therapeutics, as well as their mode of action and present barriers to their development

Changes in resting-state functional brain activity are associated with waning cognitive functions in HIV-infected children.

Delayed brain development in perinatally HIV-infected children may affect the functional brain activity and subsequently cognitive function. The current study evaluated the functional brain activity in HIV-infected children by quantifying the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and functional connectivity (FC). Additionally, correlation of ALFF and FC with cognitive measures was performed. Twenty-six HIV-infected children and 20 control children underwent neuropsychological (NP) assessment and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). ALFF and FC maps were generated and group differences were analyzed using two-sample t-test. Furthermore, ALFF and FC showing significant group differences were correlated with NP scores using Pearson's correlation. Significantly lower ALFF in the left middle temporal gyrus, precentral and post central gyrus was observed in HIV-infected children compared to controls. FC was significantly reduced in the right inferior parietal, vermis, middle temporal and left postcentral regions, and significantly increased in the right precuneus, superior parietal and left middle frontal regions in HIV-infected children as compared to control. HIV-infected children showed significantly lower NP scores in various domains including closure, exclusion, memory, verbal meaning, quantity and hidden figure than controls. These waning cognitive functions were significantly associated with changes in ALFF and FC in HIV-infected children. The findings suggest that abnormal ALFF and FC may responsible for cognitive deficits in HIV-infected children. ALFF and FC in association with cognitive evaluation may provide a clinical biomarker to evaluate functional brain activity and to plan neurocognitive intervention in HIV-infected children undergoing standard treatment.This study was funded by Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India (Grant number: SR/CSI/02/2 0 10, G) and Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar, has provided the workstation for image processing

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions

Operative hysteroscopy intravascular absorption syndrome: A bolt from the blue

Operative hysteroscopy has emerged as an effective alternative to hysterectomy and has become standard surgical treatment for varied gynaecological conditions like abnormal uterine bleeding and uterine myomas. This procedure requires distention of the uterine cavity for adequate visualization of the operative field. 1.5% glycine is a widely used distention medium because it has good optical properties and is non-conductive. However, the intraoperative absorption of this electrolyte-free fluid can cause hyponatraemia, hypoosmolality, hyperglycinaemia and volume overload, including pulmonary oedema. We report a case of operative hysteroscopy intravascular absorption (OHIA) syndrome, presenting abruptly during hysteroscopic myomectomy, employing 1.5% glycine as the fluid distention medium. Successful management of the case and prevention strategies are discussed