Simultaneous detection of positive and negative secondary ions

A secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) instrument is described that is configured with two SIMSdetectors that are both low-field extraction, quadrupole-based filters. Secondary ions are generated by sputtering with a liquid-metal ion gallium source and column of the type that is common on two-beam electron microscopes. The gallium ion beam, or focused ion beam achieves sub-100 nm focus with a continuous current of up to 300 pA. Positive secondary ions are detected by one SIMSdetector, and simultaneously, negative secondary ions are detected by the second SIMSdetector. The SIMSdetectors are independently controlled for recording mass spectra, concentration depth profiles, and secondary ion images. Examples of simultaneous positive and negative SIMS are included that demonstrate the advantage of this facility for surface analysis and depth profiling. The SIMS secondary ion collection has been modeled using the ray tracing program simion (“simion”, Scientific Instrument Services, Inc., Ringoes, NJ, 08551-1054, see http://www.simion.com) in order to understand the interaction of the secondary ions of opposite polarities in the extraction volume for the purpose of optimizing secondary ion collection

Environmentally assisted fatigue crack nucleation in Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo

An unexplained feature was observed at the fatigue crack origin of a number of alpha/beta titanium specimens tested at 450 °C in the low cycle fatigue regime. The origin was discoloured blue but this was not a result of temper colouration; this feature sometimes resulted in large reductions in fatigue lives. A number of specimens were examined to determine the cause and formation mechanism of these “blue spots.” This feature was associated with elevated oxygen and chloride levels and the presence of sodium. A mechanism based on hot-salt stress-corrosion cracking is proposed and the implications for service components are discussed

Structure, chemistry, and charge transfer resistance of the interface between Li7La3Zr2O12 electrolyte and LiCoO2 cathode

All-solid-state batteries promise significant safety and energy density advantages over liquid-electrolyte batteries. The interface between the cathode and the solid electrolyte is an important contributor to charge transfer resistance. Strong bonding of solid oxide electrolytes and cathodes requires sintering at elevated temperatures. Knowledge of the temperature dependence of the composition and charge transfer properties of this interface is important for determining the ideal sintering conditions. To understand the interfacial decomposition processes and their onset temperatures, model systems of LiCoO2 (LCO) thin films deposited on cubic Al-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) pellets were studied as a function of temperature using interface-sensitive techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) data indicated significant cation interdiffusion and structural changes starting at temperatures as low as 300°C. La2Zr2O7 and Li2CO3 were identified as decomposition products after annealing at 500°C by synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD). X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) results indicate the presence of also LaCoO3, in addition to La2Zr2O7 and Li2CO3. Based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and depth profiling of the Li distribution upon potentiostatic hold experiments on symmetric LCO|LLZO|LCO cells, the interfaces exhibited significantly increased impedance, up to 8 times that of the as-deposited samples after annealing at 500°C. Our results indicate that lower-temperature processing conditions, shorter annealing time scales, and CO2-free environments are desirable for obtaining ceramic cathode-electrolyte interfaces that enable fast Li transfer and high capacity

Roughening improves hydrogen embrittlement resistance of Ti-6Al-4V

Polished surfaces of Ti-6Al-4V, the most commonly used titanium alloy, were observed to suffer from hydride growth and associated embrittlement during hydrogen charging, whereas rough surfaces suffered no such susceptibility. Direct microscopic analyses of recombined hydrogen bubbles and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) revealed that the surface roughening promotes recombination of atomic hydrogen to molecular hydrogen, in turn, reducing the relative amount of atomic hydrogen uptake. Subsurface time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) further revealed that the high defect density underneath the roughened surface impedes hydrogen diffusion into the bulk. These combined effects mean that, unexpectedly, roughening significantly reduces hydrogen uptake into Ti-6Al-4V and enhances its resistance against hydrogen embrittlement – all resulting from a simple surface treatment

Sedation in palliative care – a critical analysis of 7 years experience

BACKGROUND: The administration of sedatives in terminally ill patients becomes an increasingly feasible medical option in end-of-life care. However, sedation for intractable distress has raised considerable medical and ethical concerns. In our study we provide a critical analysis of seven years experience with the application of sedation in the final phase of life in our palliative care unit. METHODS: Medical records of 548 patients, who died in the Palliative Care Unit of GK Havelhoehe between 1995–2002, were retrospectively analysed with regard to sedation in the last 48 hrs of life. The parameters of investigation included indication, choice and kind of sedation, prevalence of intolerable symptoms, patients' requests for sedation, state of consciousness and communication abilities during sedation. Critical evaluation included a comparison of the period between 1995–1999 and 2000–2002. RESULTS: 14.6% (n = 80) of the patients in palliative care had sedation given by the intravenous route in the last 48 hrs of their life according to internal guidelines. The annual frequency to apply sedation increased continuously from 7% in 1995 to 19% in 2002. Main indications shifted from refractory control of physical symptoms (dyspnoea, gastrointestinal, pain, bleeding and agitated delirium) to more psychological distress (panic-stricken fear, severe depression, refractory insomnia and other forms of affective decompensation). Patients' and relatives' requests for sedation in the final phase were significantly more frequent during the period 2000–2002. CONCLUSION: Sedation in the terminal or final phase of life plays an increasing role in the management of intractable physical and psychological distress. Ethical concerns are raised by patients' requests and needs on the one hand, and the physicians' self-understanding on the other hand. Hence, ethically acceptable criteria and guidelines for the decision making are needed with special regard to the nature of refractory and intolerable symptoms, patients' informed consent and personal needs, the goals and aims of medical sedation in end-of-life care

Evaluation in artificial intelligence: From task-oriented to ability-oriented measurement

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s10462-016-9505-7.The evaluation of artificial intelligence systems and components is crucial for the progress of the discipline. In this paper we describe and critically assess the different ways AI systems are evaluated, and the role of components and techniques in these systems. We first focus on the traditional task-oriented evaluation approach. We identify three kinds of evaluation: human discrimination, problem benchmarks and peer confrontation. We describe some of the limitations of the many evaluation schemes and competitions in these three categories, and follow the progression of some of these tests. We then focus on a less customary (and challenging) ability-oriented evaluation approach, where a system is characterised by its (cognitive) abilities, rather than by the tasks it is designed to solve. We discuss several possibilities: the adaptation of cognitive tests used for humans and animals, the development of tests derived from algorithmic information theory or more integrated approaches under the perspective of universal psychometrics. We analyse some evaluation tests from AI that are better positioned for an ability-oriented evaluation and discuss how their problems and limitations can possibly be addressed with some of the tools and ideas that appear within the paper. Finally, we enumerate a series of lessons learnt and generic guidelines to be used when an AI evaluation scheme is under consideration.I thank the organisers of the AEPIA Summer School On Artificial Intelligence, held in September 2014, for giving me the opportunity to give a lecture on 'AI Evaluation'. This paper was born out of and evolved through that lecture. The information about many benchmarks and competitions discussed in this paper have been contrasted with information from and discussions with many people: M. Bedia, A. Cangelosi, C. Dimitrakakis, I. GarcIa-Varea, Katja Hofmann, W. Langdon, E. Messina, S. Mueller, M. Siebers and C. Soares. Figure 4 is courtesy of F. Martinez-Plumed. Finally, I thank the anonymous reviewers, whose comments have helped to significantly improve the balance and coverage of the paper. This work has been partially supported by the EU (FEDER) and the Spanish MINECO under Grants TIN 2013-45732-C4-1-P, TIN 2015-69175-C4-1-R and by Generalitat Valenciana PROMETEOII2015/013.José Hernández-Orallo (2016). Evaluation in artificial intelligence: From task-oriented to ability-oriented measurement. 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