Lithiation phase behaviors of metal oxide anodes and extra capacities

Binary metal oxides have received sustained interest as anode materials due to their desirable capacities, exceeding theoretical values particularly in the first discharge. Although they have received increasing attention in recent years, topical debates persist regarding not only their lithiation mechanisms but also the origin of additional capacity. Aiming to resolve these disagreements, we perform a systematic study of a series of iron and manganese oxides to investigate their phase behavior during first discharge. Using a combination of in operando pair distribution function measurements and our recently developed Metropolis non-negative matrix factorization approach to address the analytical challenges concerning materials’ nanoscopic nature and phase heterogeneity, here we report unexpected observation of non-equilibrium FeOx solid-solution phases and pulverization of MnO. These processes are correlated with the extra capacities observed at different depths of discharge, pointing to a metal-dependent nature of this additional capacity and demonstrating the advantage of our approach with promising prospects for diverse applications

Underwater visual census of fishes in the St Lucia marine reserve, South Africa

The first quantitative estimates of fish abundance on the high latitude (27 degree S) coral reefs in the St Lucia Marine Reserve on the South African coast are presented. Selected species were monitored annually by underwater visual census at fixed transect sites at Two Mile Reef and Leadsman Shoal during the period 1987-1992. The wrasse Thalassoma hebraicum was the only monitored species to be recorded on all 22 transects and had a mean abundance of 24,2 per 1000 m super(2) at Two Mile Reef and 40,1 per 1000 m super(2) at Leadsman Shoal. Other species which had high frequencies of occurrence were Acanthurus leucosternon, Chaetodon madagaskariensis, C. unimaculatus, Forcipiger flavissimus, Lutjanus kasmira, L. russelli, L. bohar, Bodianus diana, B. bilunulatus and Amphiprion allard

Fishes from offshore reefs in the St. Lucia and Maputaland Marine Reserves, South Africa

Information obtained during research cruises carried out in St. Lucia and Maputaland Marine Reserves in South Africa during the period August 1987 - October 1990 concerning the diversity of the fish in offshore reefs is presented. Diving and angling activities recorded a total of 25 elasmobranch and 374 teleost species. The family Labridae was the most species-rich group with 45 species recorded during the study period