Graphical approach to assess urban quality: mapping walkability based on the TOD-standard

Graphical expression through mapping can be an essential tool to conduct urban analysis, capable of expressing contextual spatial distribution and providing complementary information to numerical analysis. Although urban analytics are central for most issues in cities, mobility and transportation have traditionally been disciplines very tightly related with quantitative analysis. Mobility in urban areas has become a central issue due to its high impact in environmental, social and economic concerns. Multiple studies consider that walking presents social, health, economic and environmental benefits as a short distance transportation mode. As pedestrian displacements are characterized by presenting great adherence, the features of the environment where they are performed is key to guarantee their success and promote their use. To be able to design appropriate walking city conditions, it is necessary to undergo extensive analysis of existing urban areas and their walkability impact. In order to illustrate this, this study takes as a basis the Transit Orientated Development Standard (TOD Standard), a scoring instrument defined by the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP), to evaluate the area of Saint-Lazare multimodal station in Paris. The aim of this work is to compare its quantitative and graphical results through georeferenced mapping and TOD Standard score based numerical data, in order to identify the complementary information provided by the mapping. The conclusions display the importance of using graphical analysis to be able to spot singular spatial distributions and influencing relations within the urban environment, often imperceptible in numerical values.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Evaluación comparativa del nivel de Desarrollo Orientado al Transporte (dot) en torno a nodos de transporte de grandes ciudades: métodos complementarios de ayuda a la decisión

El Desarrollo Orientado al Transporte (dot) es un enfoque de la planificación que promueve el desarrollo sostenible de un área urbana. Evaluar el nivel dot resulta interesante para determinar la idoneidad de los desarrollos urbanos al respecto, así como su potencial de mejora. El objeto del trabajo consiste en evaluar el nivel dot de importantes áreas urbanas mediante dos métodos diferentes: índice global y análisis multivariable mediante redes neuronales artificiales. Los métodos se contrastan entre sí, clarificando sus límites y grado de complementariedad. Adicionalmente, los resultados se verifican mediante el análisis espacial sig de un caso concreto. Según resultados: la evaluación mediante índice es limitada; el análisis multivariable determina perfiles de áreas semejantes, independientemente de sus índices globales; el análisis espacial pormenoriza los valores medios obtenidos. Estos métodos aportan conocimiento en sus respectivos campos. Si se usan complementariamente entre sí, mejoran su efectividad como herramientas de análisis útiles en planificación.Transit Oriented Development (tod) is a planning approach that promotes sustainable development of an urban area. Assessing the levels of tod may allow determining the appropriateness of urban development in this regard, as well as its potential for improvement. The purpose of this work is to assess the levels of tod using two different methods: Global Index and Multivariate Analysis based on Artificial Neural Networks. The methods contrast each other, clarifying both their limits and complementarity degree. Additionally, the results are verified through gis spatial analysis applied on a case study. According to the results, the Global Index Assessment is limited; the multivariable analysis shows profiles of similar urban areas, regardless of their global indexes; the spatial analysis details the average values obtained. These methods provide knowledge in their respective fields. If used in a complementary way, they improve their effectiveness as useful analysis tool for urban plannin

Promenades d'Anglais sur la place Louis XV ou les aperçus critiques d'un mode d'embellissement «à la française»

British visitors to the place Louis XV or critical appraisals of French town planning. The recently-inaugurated place Louis XV (now place de la Concorde), designed by Jacques-Ange Gabriel, at the heart of the promenade from the Tuileries to the Champs-Elysées, rarely failed to impress the numerous British travellers to Paris between 1763 and 1815. More than sixty authors from diverse social backgrounds, keen to mix in high society or take exercise, or drawn by the symbolic aura of this historic space, lingered here and wrote their impressions in their travel accounts. While most of them hardly paid attention to the central equestrian statue of Louis XV, Bouchardon's masterpiece, finished by Pigalle and destroyed in 1792, they were all struck by the open vista provided by this huge oval crossroads which they were reluctant to call a "square". The British travellers, observing the spectacular perspective and views of the town, the way it was integrated into its natural environment and turned its back on the closed public square, realised that the place Louis XV was part of a new conception of the town.Chastel-Rousseau Charlotte. Promenades d'Anglais sur la place Louis XV ou les aperçus critiques d'un mode d'embellissement «à la française». In: Dix-huitième Siècle, n°32, 2000. Le rire, sous la direction de Lise Andries . pp. 521-535

« Une peinture effrayante et splendide », la réception de Greco en France (1843-1956)

The historiographical perspective highlights the variation in judgments that have been made on Greco's production: various sources serve in support of the demonstration to account for how painters, authors and art historians have judged the work of Greco through the centuries. Lifting the veil on parts of shadows and mystification, this study establishes a diachronic typology of the reception of Greco in France not only from the literature written about the artist but also by analyzing the reception of the works of the Cretan. exhibited in France

Goya, cauchemar plein de choses inconnues

Introduction Est-il encore utile de travailler sur Goya, pourraient s’interroger certains lecteurs de cette revue ? Tout n’a-t-il pas été dit et publié sur ce grand maître et ne reste-t-il plus qu’à nous délecter devant les œuvres de cet immense artiste, qui constitue le pivot entre les grâces de l’art de cour du xviiie siècle et les profonds et terribles bouleversements qui scandent le xixe siècle (fig. 1) ? Tout récemment encore, d’importantes expositions monographiques ont été présentées à..

Goya au Louvre, la formation de la collection des peintures

La formation de la collection des peintures de Goya au musée du Louvre, de 1865 à 2009, est retracée à travers l’évocation de personnalités remarquables, collectionneurs, conservateurs, marchands, artistes, couturiers et grands donateurs. Dans le troisième tiers du xixe siècle, alors que l’œuvre de Goya était de plus en plus représenté sur le marché de l’art parisien, le Louvre fit finalement peu d’acquisitions. Le legs Guillemardet permit certes de faire entrer en 1865 deux peintures, mais l’examen des archives révèle une succession d’occasions manquées pour le musée. Au tournant du siècle, la tendance s’inversa grâce à une politique d’achat plus volontariste. Mais c’est surtout la générosité de donateurs qui joua un rôle capital dans l’enrichissement progressif de la collection tout au long du xxe siècle.This study traces how the Louvre Museum established its collection of Goya paintings from 1865 to 2009, through the stories of remarkable personalities, be they collectors, curators, dealers, artists, couturiers, or major donors. In the last third of the 19th century, when Goya’s work was increasingly represented on the Parisian art market, the Louvre made few acquisitions in the end. The Guillemardet bequest did allow the entry of two paintings in 1865, but an examination of the archives reveals a succession of missed opportunities for the museum. At the turn of the century, this trend was reversed thanks to a more proactive purchasing policy. But it was above all the generosity of donors that played a crucial role in the gradual enrichment of the collection throughout the 20th century

Graphical approach to assess urban quality: mapping walkability based on the TOD-standard

Graphical expression through mapping can be an essential tool to conduct urban analysis, capable of expressing contextual spatial distribution and providing complementary information to numerical analysis. Although urban analytics are central for most issues in cities, mobility and transportation have traditionally been disciplines very tightly related with quantitative analysis. Mobility in urban areas has become a central issue due to its high impact in environmental, social and economic concerns. Multiple studies consider that walking presents social, health, economic and environmental benefits as a short distance transportation mode. As pedestrian displacements are characterized by presenting great adherence, the features of the environment where they are performed is key to guarantee their success and promote their use. To be able to design appropriate walking city conditions, it is necessary to undergo extensive analysis of existing urban areas and their walkability impact. In order to illustrate this, this study takes as a basis the Transit Orientated Development Standard (TOD Standard), a scoring instrument defined by the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP), to evaluate the area of Saint-Lazare multimodal station in Paris. The aim of this work is to compare its quantitative and graphical results through georeferenced mapping and TOD Standard score based numerical data, in order to identify the complementary information provided by the mapping. The conclusions display the importance of using graphical analysis to be able to spot singular spatial distributions and influencing relations within the urban environment, often imperceptible in numerical values.Peer Reviewe

Resilient Infrastructure and Environment: Spatial operation perspective

New forms of mobility offer opportunities to make urban areas along highways more resilient by using those specific areas for the ecological and functional improvement of the city. This requires spatial interventions that approach the highway, the buffer zone and the specific urban area along the highway as a whole rather than as separate zones that just happen to be juxtaposed. Anticipating new forms of mobility, how can we design the correlation between these spaces and how can these spaces foster resilient urban systems?To examine the correlation between highway and city, combinations of five highway prototypes and three urban types that represent the majority of urban territories along highways in the Netherlands are studied. The approach is executed in two phases: the polluted buffer zones will be cleaned in the first phase and the potential of the urban area will be activated in the second phase. This involves opportunities for waste- water treatment, energy production and newly built programme.How can the different combinations create spatial opportunities to enhance the resilience of a specific area? In this context, climate change, the energy transition and quality urbanization are of key importance. The need to mitigate and adapt changes in the hydrological cycle, to reduce energy dependency and find more renewable energy sources is increasing, but at the same time there is less space available to achieve these things. For each urban type, current qualities and opportunities to create a balanced relation between human and natural systems can be defined in relation to the present situation. The scale at which resilience influences the new urban systems shows the overwhelming potential of the space around the highway once new technological innovations in the field of mobility and environment are combined. New correlations between human and natural systems transform the as yet orphaned fragments of land into pioneer zones that enhance the resilience of the city by its improved ecology and additional housing programme.Environmental Technology and Desig

Histoire des pratiques de comblement de lacunes d’objets en plâtre : le cas de la collection de cadres du xixe siècle et la collection de statuaire moulée de la gypsothèque du musée du Louvre

L’article présente les premières recherches du projet REMuPlât, qui s’intéresse aux matériaux de comblement des œuvres en plâtre, à travers l’étude de deux corpus du musée du Louvre, la gypsothèque et la collection de cadres du xixe siècle. Il a pour but d’affiner les connaissances sur le matériau plâtre et d’approfondir la recherche sur les formulations de comblement. L’étude de ces collections de tirages et de cadres à décor moulé révèle des changements de valeurs et de statuts, pouvant être mis en parallèle avec des méthodes de conservation-restauration. Ainsi trois grandes périodes de pratiques de comblement peuvent être dégagées. On observe alors la modification et l’adaptation des traitements, notamment par le choix de matériaux distincts, suivant la patrimonialisation des artefacts et l’évolution des critères déontologiques.This article presents the initial findings of the REMuPlât project, which is investigating materials used to repair and fill in holes in works made of plaster through the study of two corpora in the Louvre: the gallery of plaster casts and the collection of 19th-century frames. The aim of the study is to refine our knowledge of plaster materials and to further research into filler formulas. The study of these collections of casts and frames with decorative moulding has revealed the changes in values and status, which may be aligned with conservation and restoration methods. Three major periods of filling practices can thus be educed. The modification and adaptation of treatments, notably in the choice of different materials, has been observed, in accordance with the granting of heritage status to artefacts and the evolution of deontological criteria