Dopamine D2 Receptor Stimulation Potentiates PolyQ-Huntingtin-Induced Mouse Striatal Neuron Dysfunctions via Rho/ROCK-II Activation

Huntington's disease (HD) is a polyglutamine-expanded related neurodegenerative disease. Despite the ubiquitous expression of expanded, polyQ-Huntingtin (ExpHtt) in the brain, striatal neurons present a higher susceptibility to the mutation. A commonly admitted hypothesis is that Dopaminergic inputs participate to this vulnerability. We previously showed that D2 receptor stimulation increased aggregate formation and neuronal death induced by ExpHtt in primary striatal neurons in culture, and chronic D2 antagonist treatment protects striatal dysfunctions induced by ExpHtt in a lentiviral-induced model system in vivo. The present work was designed to elucidate the signalling pathways involved, downstream D2 receptor (D2R) stimulation, in striatal vulnerability to ExpHtt.Using primary striatal neurons in culture, transfected with a tagged-GFP version of human exon 1 ExpHtt, and siRNAs against D2R or D1R, we confirm that DA potentiates neuronal dysfunctions via D2R but not D1R stimulation. We demonstrate that D2 agonist treatment induces neuritic retraction and growth cone collapse in Htt- and ExpHtt expressing neurons. We then tested a possible involvement of the Rho/ROCK signalling pathway, which plays a key role in the dynamic of the cytoskeleton, in these processes. The pharmacological inhibitors of ROCK (Y27632 and Hydroxyfasudil), as well as siRNAs against ROCK-II, reversed D2-related effects on neuritic retraction and growth cone collapse. We show a coupling between D2 receptor stimulation and Rho activation, as well as hyperphosphorylation of Cofilin, a downstream effector of ROCK-II pathway. Importantly, D2 agonist-mediated potentiation of aggregate formation and neuronal death induced by ExpHtt, was totally reversed by Y27632 and Hydroxyfasudil and ROCK-II siRNAs.Our data provide the first demonstration that D2R-induced vulnerability in HD is critically linked to the activation of the Rho/ROCK signalling pathway. The inclusion of Rho/ROCK inhibitors could be an interesting therapeutic option aimed at forestalling the onset of the disease

Dopamine et dégénérescence des neurones striataux dans la maladie de Huntington : vers l'identification de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the huntingtin protein.This mutation confers new properties on this protein, including the ability to formaggregates and to produce a selective degeneration of striatal neurons, despite a ubiquitousexpression of mutated huntingtin. The aim of this work was to explore the role of dopaminein this striatal vulnerability. We first set up an experimental model, using transienttransfection in primary cultures of striatal neurons. We showed in that model an activationof the pro-apoptotic JNK/cJun pathway by mutated huntingtin (Garcia, Charvin and Caboche,2004). In a second step, we combined treatments with low doses of dopamine andshowed i) a potentiation, via reactive oxygen species (ROS), of JNK/cJun activation inducedby mutated huntingtin ; ii) an increase of aggregate formation via D2 receptorstimulation, iii) an amplification of neuronal toxicity via these two combined effects. Thus,our data strongly support that dopamine is involved in striatal neuron vulnerability in HD(Charvin et al., 2005). Then, we have evaluated in vivo, the therapeutic effects of a D2antagonist treatment in a rat model of HD. Rats were infected into the striatum with lentivirusexpressing either normal or mutated huntingtin. An early treatment with haloperidoldecanoate showed a protection against both aggregate formation and striatal dysfunction(Charvin et al., soumis). Our results highlight a key role of dopamine in striatal neuronsvulnerability in HD, and offer new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HD.La maladie de Huntington résulte d'une expansion de glutamines dans la protéine huntingtine. Cette mutation lui confère de nouvelles propriétés, dont celle de s'agréger et de produire une neurodégénérescence, qui malgré l'expression ubiquitaire de la huntingtine mutée, est spécifique du striatum. L'objectif de ce travail consistait à explorer le rôle de la dopamine dans cette vulnérabilité striatale. Après avoir démontré que la huntingtine mutée est capable d'activer la voie pro-apoptotique JNK/cJun dans des cultures primaires de neurones striataux (Garcia, Charvin and Caboche, 2004), nous avons étudié l'influence de la dopamine dans ce modèle neuronal. Nous avons alors montré que la dopamine i) active la voie pro-apoptotique JNK/cJun en synergie avec la huntingtine mutée via la production de radicaux libres, ii) augmente la formation d'agrégats via l'activation des récepteurs D2, iii) augmente la toxicité de la huntingtine mutée à travers ces deux effets combinés. Ainsi, nos résultats suggèrent que la dopamine concourt à la vulnérabilité des neurones striataux exprimant la huntingtine mutée (Charvin et al., 2005). Nous avons ensuite évalué in vivo l'effet thérapeutique d'un traitement précoce avec un antagoniste des récepteurs D2 dans un modèle murin de maladie de Huntington. Chez des rats infectés dans le striatum par des lentivirus exprimant la huntingtine normale ou mutée, nous avons montré que l'halopéridol décanoate retarde la formation des agrégats et protègent les neurones striataux exprimant la huntingtine mutée (Charvin et al., soumis). Ces travaux mettent en évidence un rôle potentialisateur de la dopamine dans la vulnérabilité des neurones striataux à la huntingtine mutée et ouvrent des perspectives nouvelles de thérapies pour la maladie de Huntington

Dopamine et dégénérescence des neurones striataux dans la maladie de Huntington (vers l' identification de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques)

PARIS-BIUSJ-Thèses (751052125) / SudocPARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF

Unraveling a role for dopamine in Huntington's disease: the dual role of reactive oxygen species and D2 receptor stimulation

Huntington's disease (HD), an inherited neurodegenerative disorder, results from an abnormal polyglutamine extension in the N-terminal region of the huntingtin protein. This mutation leads to protein aggregation and neurotoxicity. Despite its widespread expression in the brain and body, mutated huntingtin causes selective degeneration of striatal projection neurons. In the present study, we investigate the role of dopamine (DA) in this preferential vulnerability. Using primary cultures of striatal neurons transiently expressing GFP-tagged-exon 1 of mutated huntingtin, we show that low doses of DA (100 microM) act synergistically with mutated huntingtin to activate the proapoptotic transcription factor c-Jun. Surprisingly, DA also increases aggregate formation of mutated huntingtin in all cellular compartments, including neurites, soma, and nuclei. DA-dependent potentiation of c-Jun activation was reversed by ascorbate, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, and SP-600125, a selective inhibitor of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. By contrast, DA effects on aggregate formation were reversed by a selective D2 receptor antagonist and reproduced by a D2 agonist. Similarly, striatal neurons from D2 knockout mice showed no effect of DA on aggregate formation. Blocking ROS production, JNK activation, or D2 receptor stimulation significantly reversed DA aggravation of mutated huntingtin-induced striatal death. The combined treatment with the ROS scavenger and D2 antagonist totally reversed DA's effects on mutated huntingtin-induced striatal death. Thus, the present results provide insights into the cellular mechanisms that govern striatal vulnerability in HD and strongly support a dual role of JNK activation and D2 receptor signaling in this process

Mutations of SPG4 are responsible for a loss of function of spastin, an abundant neuronal protein localized in the nucleus

Mutations of spastin are responsible for the most common autosomal dominant form of hereditary spastic paraplegia (AD-HSP), a disease characterized by axonal degeneration of corticospinal tracts and posterior columns. Generation of polyclonal antibodies specific to spastin has revealed two isoforms of 75 and 80 kDa in both human and mouse tissues with a tissue-specific variability of the isoform ratio. Spastin is an abundant protein in neural tissues and immunolabeling experiments have shown that spastin is expressed in neurons but not in glial cells. These data indicate that axonal degeneration linked to spastin mutations is caused by a primary defect of neurons. Protein and transcript analyses of patients carrying either nonsense or frameshift spastin mutations revealed neither truncated protein nor mutated transcripts, providing evidence that these mutations are responsible for a loss of spastin function. Identifying agents able to induce the expression of the non-mutated spastin allele should represent an attractive therapeutic strategy in this disease

Dopamine D2 Receptor Stimulation Potentiates PolyQ-Huntingtin-Induced Mouse Striatal Neuron Dysfunctions via Rho/ROCK-II Activation

Background: Huntington's disease (HD) is a polyglutamine-expanded related neurodegenerative disease. Despite the ubiquitous expression of expanded, polyQ-Huntingtin (ExpHtt) in the brain, striatal neurons present a higher susceptibility to the mutation. A commonly admitted hypothesis is that Dopaminergic inputs participate to this vulnerability. We previously showed that D2 receptor stimulation increased aggregate formation and neuronal death induced by ExpHtt in primary striatal neurons in culture, and chronic D2 antagonist treatment protects striatal dysfunctions induced by ExpHtt in a lentiviral-induced model system in vivo. The present work was designed to elucidate the signalling pathways involved, downstream D2 receptor (D2R) stimulation, in striatal vulnerability to ExpHtt. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using primary striatal neurons in culture, transfected with a tagged-GFP version of human exon 1 ExpHtt, and siRNAs against D2R or D1R, we confirm that DA potentiates neuronal dysfunctions via D2R but not D1R stimulation. We demonstrate that D2 agonist treatment induces neuritic retraction and growth cone collapse in Htt- and ExpHtt expressing neurons. We then tested a possible involvement of the Rho/ROCK signalling pathway, which plays a key role in the dynamic of the cytoskeleton, in these processes. The pharmacological inhibitors of ROCK (Y27632 and Hydroxyfasudil), as well as siRNAs against ROCK-II, reversed D2-related effects on neuritic retraction and growth cone collapse. We show a coupling between D2 receptor stimulation and Rho activation, as well as hyperphosphorylation of Cofilin, a downstream effector of ROCK-II pathway. Importantly, D2 agonist-mediated potentiation of aggregate formation and neuronal death induced by ExpHtt, was totally reversed by Y27632 and Hydroxyfasudil and ROCK-II siRNAs. Conclusions/Significance: Our data provide the first demonstration that D2R-induced vulnerability in HD is critically linked to the activation of the Rho/ROCK signalling pathway. The inclusion of Rho/ROCK inhibitors could be an interesting therapeutic option aimed at forestalling the onset of the disease.</p