Pratiques culturales et teneur en éléments anti nutritionnels (nitrates et pesticides) du Solanum macrocarpum au sud du Bénin

La pression foncière en région urbaine et périurbaine amène beaucoup deproducteurs maraîchers à avoir des pratiques culturales qui ne garantissentpas la qualité sanitaire des produits récoltés. Cette étude a analysé lespratiques de fertilisation et de traitements phytosanitaires sur les légumesfeuilles traditionnels les plus consommés afin d’identifier ceux à risque. Six(6) échantillons composites de feuilles de S. macrocarpum, répétés deux fois,issus de parcelles ayant reçu des doses de 20, 40 et (20+10+10) t/ha defientes de volaille et de graines de coton, sur un sol ferrallitique faiblementdessaturé au sud du Bénin, ont été analysés au cours des deux premièrescoupes pour la recherche de nitrates par colorimétrie. Dans la zone dedécrue, l’identification et le dosage des pesticides organochlorés parchromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à un système de détection àcapture d’électrons ont été effectués sur dix (10) échantillons de feuilles et unéchantillon composite de sol (mélange de trois échantillons de sols) prélevésde façon aléatoire dans les champs maraîchers. Le diagnostic approfondi despratiques de fertilisation et de traitements phytosanitaires a montré que defortes doses d’engrais organiques et surtout d’engrais minéraux sontappliquées sur les légumes feuilles dans les zones prospectées. Les taux denitrate dans les feuilles et dans les sols sont faibles (<50mg/kg de matièrefraîche) mais ces taux ont augmenté de la 1ère à la 2ème coupe. Les teneursen pesticides organochlorés totaux sont comprises entre 0,320 et 2,225 μg/gde légumes secs. En dehors de l’endosulfan et du lindane retrouvés dans leséchantillons de légumes, à faibles teneur (respectivement 0,07 et 0,1 μg/g delégumes), les autres pesticides comme le DDT, l’endrine, l’heptachlore,l’aldrine, le dieldrine présentent des teneurs supérieures aux normes Codexappliquées pour le contrôle de la qualité des aliments. Les mêmes pesticidesse retrouvent dans les échantillons de sol.Mots clés: Pratiques culturales, fientes, pesticides organochloré

Perspective for genomic-enabled prediction against black sigatoka disease and drought stress in polyploid species

International audienceGenomic selection (GS) in plant breeding is explored as a promising tool to solve the problems related to the biotic and abiotic threats. Polyploid plants like bananas ( Musa spp.) face the problem of drought and black sigatoka disease (BSD) that restrict their production. The conventional plant breeding is experiencing difficulties, particularly phenotyping costs and long generation interval. To overcome these difficulties, GS in plant breeding is explored as an alternative with a great potential for reducing costs and time in selection process. So far, GS does not have the same success in polyploid plants as with diploid plants because of the complexity of their genome. In this review, we present the main constraints to the application of GS in polyploid plants and the prospects for overcoming these constraints. Particular emphasis is placed on breeding for BSD and drought—two major threats to banana production—used in this review as a model of polyploid plant. It emerges that the difficulty in obtaining markers of good quality in polyploids is the first challenge of GS on polyploid plants, because the main tools used were developed for diploid species. In addition to that, there is a big challenge of mastering genetic interactions such as dominance and epistasis effects as well as the genotype by environment interaction, which are very common in polyploid plants. To get around these challenges, we have presented bioinformatics tools, as well as artificial intelligence approaches, including machine learning. Furthermore, a scheme for applying GS to banana for BSD and drought has been proposed. This review is of paramount impact for breeding programs that seek to reduce the selection cycle of polyploids despite the complexity of their genome

Pratiques Culturales Et Teneur En éléments Anti Nutritionnels (Nitrates Et Pesticides) Du Solanum Macrocarpum Au Sud Du Bénin.

La pression foncière en région urbaine et périurbaine amène beaucoup de producteurs maraîchers à avoir des pratiques culturales qui ne garantissent pas la qualité sanitaire des produits récoltés. Cette étude a analysé les pratiques de fertilisation et de traitements phytosanitaires sur les légumes feuilles traditionnels les plus consommés afin d'identifier ceux à risque. Six (6) échantillons composites de feuilles de S. macrocarpum, répétés deux fois, issus de parcelles ayant reçu des doses de 20, 40 et (20+10+10) t/ha de fientes de volaille et de graines de coton, sur un sol ferrallitique faiblement dessaturé au sud du Bénin, ont été analysés au cours des deux premières coupes pour la recherche de nitrates par colorimétrie. Dans la zone de décrue, l'identification et le dosage des pesticides organochlorés par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à un système de détection à capture d'électrons ont été effectués sur dix (10) échantillons de feuilles et un échantillon composite de sol (mélange de trois échantillons de sols) prélevés de façon aléatoire dans les champs maraîchers. Le diagnostic approfondi des pratiques de fertilisation et de traitements phytosanitaires a montré que de fortes doses d'engrais organiques et surtout d'engrais minéraux sont appliquées sur les légumes feuilles dans les zones prospectées. Les taux de nitrate dans les feuilles et dans les sols sont faibles (<50mg/kg de matière fraîche) mais ces taux ont augmenté de la 1ère à la 2ème coupe. Les teneurs en pesticides organochlorés totaux sont comprises entre 0,320 et 2,225 μg/g de légumes secs. En dehors de l'endosulfan et du lindane retrouvés dans les échantillons de légumes, à faibles teneur (respectivement 0,07 et 0,1 μg/g de légumes), les autres pesticides comme le DDT, l'endrine, l'heptachlore, l'aldrine, le dieldrine présentent des teneurs supérieures aux normes Codex appliquées pour le contrôle de la qualité des aliments. Les mêmes pesticides se retrouvent dans les échantillons de sol

Genome-Wide Scanning Enabled SNP Discovery, Linkage Disequilibrium Patterns and Population Structure in a Panel of Fonio (Digitaria exilis [Kippist] Stapf) Germplasm

International audienceWhite fonio ( Digitaria exilis) is a staple food for millions of people in arid and semi-arid areas of West Africa. Knowledge about nutritional and health benefits, insights into morphological diversity, and the recent development of genomic resources call for a better understanding of the genetic structure of the extant germplasm gathered throughout the region in order to set up a robust breeding program. We assessed the genetic diversity and population structure of 259 fonio individuals collected from six countries from West Africa (Nigeria, Benin, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger) in this study using 688 putative out of 21,324 DArTseq-derived SNP markers. Due to the inbreeding and small population size, the results revealed a substantial level of genetic variability. Furthermore, two clusters were found irrespective of the geographic origins of accessions. Moreover, the high level of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between loci observed resulted from the mating system of the crop, which is often associated with a low recombination rate. These findings fill the gaps about the molecular diversity and genetic structure of the white fonio germplasm in West Africa. This was required for the application of genomic tools that can potentially speed up the genetic gain in fonio millet breeding for complex traits such as yield, and other nutrient contents

Crossing possibility for breeding promising orange-fleshed sweetpotato genotypes in Benin

Orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) is a sustainable and inexpensive source of vitamin A that contributes to food and nutritional security in developing countries. Its adoption is low due to unconformity of the variety with community food culture, limited cultivar selection and breeding studies. The current study aimed at breeding of promising OFSP genotypes in Benin using three parental lines. Two hundred and seventy-four seeds and one hundred and six genotypes were obtained through biparental crosses of Tio-joe (imported orange-fleshed variety), Vobodouaho (local white-fleshed variety) and ACAB220 (local orange-fleshed variety). The phenotypic diversity of genotypes was assessed using 10 leaf characters and storage root flesh colour through multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. The results indicated cross-compatibility between Tio-joe and ACAB220 when ACAB220 was used as female. Reciprocal cross-compatibility was found between ACAB220 and Vobodouaho. The genotypes could be separated into two main populations and classified into five cluster groups. Promising intermediate and pale orange genotypes were obtained indicating possibilities to incorporate beta-carotene into the white background of the Vobodouaho variety through further backcrossing

Agromorphological Characterization Revealed Three Phenotypic Groups in a Region-Wide Germplasm of Fonio (Digitaria exilis (Kippist) Stapf) from West Africa

International audienceFonio is an ancient orphan cereal, cultivated by resource-poor farmers in arid and semi-arid regions of West Africa, who conserved and used the cereal for nutrition and income generation. However, the extent and patterns of phenotypic variation within the fonio germplasm remain scarcely evaluated to inform breeding decisions. In this study, we used alpha lattice design to assess the phenotypic variability of 180 fonio accessions using 20 agro morphological descriptors, including both qualitative and quantitative traits at Bengou research station in 2018 and 2019. Descriptive statistics, combined analysis and multivariate analyses, including principal components analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering, and multiple factor analysis (MFA) were performed. As results, we found significant differences among fonio accessions and among agro ecological zones of provenance for most of the quantitative traits. Furthermore, highly significant positive correlations were found between grain yield and other yield-related attributes such as harvest index and thousand seeds weight, whereas significant negative correlations were found between grain yield and flowering and maturity times. Clusters analysis revealed three phenotypic groups. Group 1 was characterized by early maturing fonio accessions with higher grain yield. Groups 2 and 3 were characterized by late maturing accessions with intermediate to moderate grain yield. The accessions from Group 1 are candidate for yield improvement and development of fonio lines with enhanced lodging resistance. Accessions from Group 2 and 3 can be improved for yield through marker-assisted selection of best thousand seed weight. This study highlights how traits are correlated within the major phenotypic groups of fonio in West Africa, and we discussed how these groups could be further exploited for improving traits of economic importance. Furthermore, this study exhibited agro morphological descriptors that discriminate fonio accessions and provide useful information for parental selection with economically important agronomic traits

Crop Adaptation and Improvement for Drought-Prone Environments

https://newprairiepress.org/ebooks/1049/thumbnail.jp

Ten years of Gynandropsis gynandra research for improvement of nutrient-rich leaf consumption : Lessons learnt and way forwards

This article reveals progress and gaps in spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra Syn. Cleome gynandra) research to date. It synthesises the current knowledge in systematics and botany, geographical distribution, nutrient content, and health values as well as the agronomic practices related to the species. This article further presents the germplasm availability, status, and places of conservation around the world to exploit the extant genetic diversity for genomics-assisted breeding and seed systems development. It describes how various parts of the plant have been used and the potential for economical revamping and further industrial valorisation. Nutrient content and phytochemical diversity across cultivation systems and geographical ranges and known health attributes were analysed to identify gaps and bottlenecks for fostering further investigations for industrial food and drug production

Towards conservation and sustainable use of an indigenous crop: A large partnership network enabled the genetic diversity assessment of 1539 fonio (Digitaria exilis) accessions

International audienceThe use of neglected and underutilized species (NUS) in agrosystems is a potential solution to the challenges arising from global change. These species could contribute to the equitable diversification of agricultural systems. Providing knowledge on their genetic diversity and fostering access to data and results is essential for the development of strong collaborative future research. The study addressed these issues by assessing the diversity of the largest fonio (Digitaria exilis) collection existing to date. Associated with a user-friendly Shiny application (https://shinyapps.southgreen.fr/ app/foniodiv), our results reinforce research efficiency and broaden the prospects for all actors involved in enhancing fonio and indigenous crops as valuable resources for the future