The determination of the global average OH concentration using a deuteroethane tracer

It is proposed to measure the decreasing global concentration of an OH reactive isotopic tracer, G sub 2 D sub 6, after its introduction into the troposphere in a manner to facilitate uniform global mixing. Analyses at the level of 2 x 10 to the -19th power fraction, corresponding to one kg uniformly distributed globally, should be possible by a combination of cryogenic absorption techniques to separate ethane from air and high sensitivity isotopic analysis of ethane by mass spectrometry. Aliquots of C sub 2 D sub 6 totaling one kg would be introduced to numerous southern and northern latitudes over a 10 day period in order to achieve a uniform global concentration within 3 to 6 months by the normal atmospheric circulation. Then samples of air of 1000 l (STP) would be collected periodically at a tropical and temperate zone location in each hemisphere and spiked with a known amount of another isotopic species of ethane, C-13 sub 2 H sub 6, at the level of 10 to the -11th power mole fraction. After separation of the ethanes from air, the absolute concentration of C sub 2 D sub 6 would be analyzed using the Argonne 100-inch radius mass spectrometer

From Pine Cones to Read Clouds: Rescaffolding the Megagenome of Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana).

We investigate the utility and scalability of new read cloud technologies to improve the draft genome assemblies of the colossal, and largely repetitive, genomes of conifers. Synthetic long read technologies have existed in various forms as a means of reducing complexity and resolving repeats since the outset of genome assembly. Recently, technologies that combine subhaploid pools of high molecular weight DNA with barcoding on a massive scale have brought new efficiencies to sample preparation and data generation. When combined with inexpensive light shotgun sequencing, the resulting data can be used to scaffold large genomes. The protocol is efficient enough to consider routinely for even the largest genomes. Conifers represent the largest reference genome projects executed to date. The largest of these is that of the conifer Pinus lambertiana (sugar pine), with a genome size of 31 billion bp. In this paper, we report on the molecular and computational protocols for scaffolding the P. lambertiana genome using the library technology from 10× Genomics. At 247,000 bp, the NG50 of the existing reference sequence is the highest scaffold contiguity among the currently published conifer assemblies; this new assembly's NG50 is 1.94 million bp, an eightfold increase

Poor Urban Blacks and Community Participation

This research elaborates the concept of community participation utilizing activities that reflect the experiences of poor urban Blacks. The residents of a low income housing development are studied with emphasis on how these people involved themselves in community affairs and how they interact with other tenants in their day to day activities. It is largely a descriptive study, in that it attempts to uncover and explain styles of participation that are not generally counted as meaningful participation. Therefore criteria for participation is defined in a manner to include some informal activities and other activities which seem to correspond to the traditional view of the concept. Data for the research were obtained with the use of a semi-structured interview guide and participant observation

A concurrent precursor inflow method for Large Eddy Simulations and applications to finite length wind farms

In order to enable simulations of developing wind turbine array boundary layers with highly realistic inflow conditions a concurrent precursor method for Large Eddy Simulations is proposed. In this method we consider two domains simultaneously, i.e. in one domain a turbulent Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) without wind turbines is simulated in order to generate the turbulent inflow conditions for a second domain in which the wind turbines are placed. The benefit of this approach is that a) it avoids the need for large databases in which the turbulent inflow conditions are stored and the correspondingly slow I/O operations and b) we are sure that the simulations are not negatively affected by statically swept fixed inflow fields or synthetic fields lacking the proper ABL coherent structures. Sample applications are presented, in which, in agreement with field data a strong decrease of the power output of downstream wind-turbines with respect to the first row of wind-turbines is observed for perfectly aligned inflow.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figure

Generalized coupled wake boundary layer model: applications and comparisons with field and LES data for two wind-farms

We describe a generalization of the Coupled Wake Boundary Layer (CWBL) model for wind-farms that can be used to evaluate the performance of wind-farms under arbitrary wind inflow directions whereas the original CWBL model (Stevens et al., J. Renewable and Sustainable Energy 7, 023115 (2015)) focused on aligned or staggered wind-farms. The generalized CWBL approach combines an analytical Jensen wake model with a "top-down" boundary layer model coupled through an iterative determination of the wake expansion coefficient and an effective wake coverage area for which the velocity at hub-height obtained using both models converges in the "deep-array" portion (fully developed region) of the wind-farm. The approach accounts for the effect of the wind direction by enforcing the coupling for each wind direction. Here we present detailed comparisons of model predictions with LES results and field measurements for the Horns Rev and Nysted wind-farms operating over a wide range of wind inflow directions. Our results demonstrate that two-way coupling between the Jensen wake model and a "top-down" model enables the generalized CWBL model to predict the "deep-array" performance of a wind-farm better than the Jensen wake model alone. The results also show that the new generalization allows us to study a much larger class of wind-farms than the original CWBL model, which increases the utility of the approach for wind-farm designers.Comment: 17 pages, 11 figure

Darwin and Huxley revisited: the origin of allometry

The relative sizes of parts of an organism frequently depend on the absolute size of the individual, a relationship that is generally described by power laws. I show here that these power laws are a consequence of the way evolution operates

An Evaluation of the Implementation of Total Quality Management in a Service Organization

This research consists of a formative evaluation designed to identify the steps necessary to revitalize a formerly successful Total Quality Management (TQM) process at a U.S. Navy engineering and logistics support organization. The research also developed a methodology to account for the fact that the investigator is a well-informed insider who served as one of the principle change agents for the TQM implementation. The research is based on the researcher\u27s observation that the major cause for the waning implementation was due to senior management and leadership issues and the organization-wide processes with which they interface. The investigation consisted of an extensive review of the literature to identify, from a leadership perspective and theory framework, an ideal implementation for this organization. Then a case study was conducted to identify the espoused and actual implementation processes, again from a leadership viewpoint. The gaps or differences between ideal and espoused and espoused and actual were analyzed to identify conditions and relationships which must be addressed as part of the formative evaluation. Significant concerns were identified in leadership actions, TQM processes, allocation of assets and cultural issues which hindered the adoption of the principles of TQM. Each of these was addressed by the development of specific recommendations which, if followed, would result in actions to revitalize the implementation of TQM. The research recognized that much of the discovery and mutually agreed understanding of the incidences associated with TQM had occurred during the actual implementation. The challenge was to develop methods of obtaining validity and insure a true mutual agreement on the occurrences in a manner to satisfy academic standards. This was accomplished through multiple techniques involving the researcher making statements which he believed accurate, frequently in writing, and then either finding substantiating documentation in the historical records or having multiple other insiders correct the understanding, either through interview or in writing response. This formed a method of mutual mirroring which insured multiple viewpoints and shared understanding. This research developed a systematic revitalization process which may have application to other similar organizations and improved methods of implementing TQM, especially for planning and developing improvements in quality of daily work. The literature research provided an improved integration of TQM principles with the underlying theories of organizational change and leadership. Specific leadership actions to implement TQM were identified