Characterization of Solid Source Phosphorus Doping Diffusion

Phosphorus solid sources for doping of silicon wafers were characterized by keeping the temperature constant and varying the diffusion time. Sheet resistances and junction depths were measured using a four-point station and the groove and stain method, respectively. The results were contrasted with the SUPREM II predictions

Seasonal variation of the three-dimensional mean circulation over the Scotian Shelf

The seasonal-mean circulation over the Scotian Shelf is studied numerically by computing mean and tidal current fields for winter, spring, and summer using a three-dimensional nonlinear diagnostic model. The mean current fields are forced by seasonal-mean baroclinic pressure gradients, tidal rectification, uniform wind stresses, and associated barotropic pressure gradients. A historical hydrographic database is used to determine the climatological mean baroclinic forcing. Upstream open boundary conditions are estimated from the density fields to give no normal geostrophic bottom flow and are specified as either along-boundary elevation gradients or depth-integrated normal velocities. The numerical solutions for nominal bimonthly periods (January–February, April–May, and July–August) reveal the dominant southwestward nearshore and shelf-break flows of relatively cool and fresh shelf water from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Newfoundland Shelf, with speeds up to about 20 cm/s. The seasonal intensification of the southwestward flows is reproduced by the model, with the transport increasing from 0.3 Sv in summer to 0.9 Sv in winter on the inner Halifax section. There are also pronounced topographic-scale influences of submarine banks, basins, and cross-shelf channels on the circulation, such as anticyclonic gyres over banks and cyclonic gyres over basins. Baroclinicity is the dominant forcing throughout the domain, but tidal rectification is comparable on the southwestern Scotian Shelf (e.g., about 0.2 Sv recirculating transport around Browns Bank for all the periods). The mean wind stress generates offshore surface drift in winter. The solutions are in approximate agreement with observed currents and transports over the Scotian Shelf, although there are local discrepancies

Comparison of sulfuric and oxalic acid anodizing for preparation of thermal control coatings for spacecraft

The development of thermal control surfaces, which maintain stable solar absorptivity and infrared emissivity over long periods, is challenging due to severe conditions in low-Earth orbit (LEO). Some candidate coatings are second-surface silver-coated Teflon; second-surface, silvered optical solar reflectors made of glass or quartz; and anodized aluminum. Sulfuric acid anodized and oxalic acid anodized aluminum was evaluated under simulated LEO conditions. Oxalic acid anodizing shows promise of greater stability in LEO over long missions, such as the 30 years planned for the Space Station. However, sulfuric acid anodizing shows lower solar absorptivity

The election of Democrats alone is not enough to ensure gay rights

Although Congressmen are elected to represent their districts and states, they will occasionally defy majority opinion to support the rights of a minority group. Drawing on data from House Democrats that voted against the popular Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), Benjamin G. Bishin and Charles Anthony Smith determine that favorable district composition, membership in the Congressional Black Caucus, and competitive elections were associated with opposition to DOMA. They conclude that the difficulty of passing legislation to protect minority rights leaves the courts as the best option for such advancement

How Industrial Relations Informs the Teaching of Ethics in Human Resource Management

Charles G. Smith, Ph.D., is professor of management, in the Department of Business, Accounting, and Economics, Otterbein College, Westerville, OH 43081. Hugh D. Hindman, Ph.D., is professor of labor & human resources, in the Walker College of Business, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608

IMPACTS OF REDUCED PESTICIDE USE ON THE PROFITABILITY OF THE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE SECTOR

Environmental Economics and Policy,

The Impact Of Online Quizzing On Student Success In An Introductory Financial Accounting Class

We document the impact of transitioning to online quizzing in an introductory Financial Accounting course.  Results show significantly increased course pass rates, significantly increased individual exam averages, and lower overall drop rates

Computer Simulation of Dynamic Systems

Computer simulation of a control system is a valuable tool in design or performance evaluation. This is especially true when non-linear elements cannot be ignored and must be included within the model. A general purpose block diagram oriented simulation program will be developed which can utilize continuous, discrete and non-linear building blocks. The software tool will be demonstrated by means of an example