Security evaluation against side-channel analysis at compilation time

Masking countermeasure is implemented to thwart side-channel attacks. The maturity of high-order masking schemes has reached the level where the concepts are sound and proven. For instance, Rivain and Prouff proposed a full-fledged AES at CHES 2010. Some non-trivial fixes regarding refresh functions were needed though. Now, industry is adopting such solutions, and for the sake of both quality and certification requirements, masked cryptographic code shall be checked for correctness using the same model as that of the the theoretical protection rationale (for instance the probing leakage model). Seminal work has been initiated by Barthe et al. at EUROCRYPT 2015 for automated verification at higher orders on concrete implementations. In this paper, we build on this work to actually perform verification from within a compiler, so as to enable timely feedback to the developer. Precisely, our methodology enables to provide the actual security order of the code at the intermediate representation (IR) level, thereby identifying possible flaws (owing either to source code errors or to compiler optimizations). Second, our methodology allows for an exploitability analysis of the analysed IR code. In this respect, we formally handle all the symbolic expressions in the static single assignment (SSA) representation to build the optimal distinguisher function. This enables to evaluate the most powerful attack, which is not only function of the masking order $d$, but also on the number of leaking samples and of the expressions (e.g., linear vs non-linear leakages). This scheme allows to evaluate the correctness of a masked cryptographic code, and also its actual security in terms of number of traces in a given deployment context (characterized by a leakage model of the target CPU and the signal-to-noise ratio of the platform)

The evolution of reproductive isolation in a simultaneous hermaphrodite, the freshwater snail Physa

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The cosmopolitan freshwater snail <it>Physa acuta </it>has recently found widespread use as a model organism for the study of mating systems and reproductive allocation. Mitochondrial DNA phylogenies suggest that <it>Physa carolinae</it>, recently described from the American southeast, is a sister species of <it>P. acuta</it>. The divergence of the <it>acuta/carolinae </it>ancestor from the more widespread <it>P. pomilia </it>appears to be somewhat older, and the split between a hypothetical <it>acuta/carolinae/pomilia </it>ancestor and <it>P. gyrina </it>appears older still.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here we report the results of no-choice mating experiments yielding no evidence of hybridization between <it>gyrina </it>and any of four other populations (<it>pomilia, carolinae</it>, Philadelphia <it>acuta</it>, or Charleston <it>acuta</it>), nor between <it>pomilia </it>and <it>carolinae</it>. Crosses between <it>pomilia </it>and both <it>acuta </it>populations yielded sterile F1 progeny with reduced viability, while crosses between <it>carolinae </it>and both <it>acuta </it>populations yielded sterile F1 hybrids of normal viability. A set of mate-choice tests also revealed significant sexual isolation between <it>gyrina </it>and all four of our other <it>Physa </it>populations, between <it>pomilia </it>and <it>carolinae</it>, and between <it>pomilia </it>and Charleston <it>acuta</it>, but not between <it>pomilia </it>and the <it>acuta </it>population from Philadelphia, nor between <it>carolinae </it>and either <it>acuta </it>population. These observations are consistent with the origin of hybrid sterility prior to hybrid inviability, and a hypothesis that speciation between <it>pomilia </it>and <it>acuta </it>may have been reinforced by selection for prezygotic reproductive isolation in sympatry.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We propose a two-factor model for the evolution of postzygotic reproductive incompatibility in this set of five <it>Physa </it>populations consistent with the Dobzhansky-Muller model of speciation, and a second two-factor model for the evolution of sexual incompatibility. Under these models, species trees may be said to correspond with gene trees in American populations of the freshwater snail, <it>Physa</it>.</p

Maîtrise sanitaire de la reproduction chez l'outarde houbara en captivité (évaluation des risques viraux et définition d'un schéma de vaccination raisonné)

TOULOUSE3-BU Santé-Centrale (315552105) / SudocTOULOUSE-EN Vétérinaire (315552301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Réflexion participative pour une optimisation de l’usage d’antibiotiques garantissant santé et bien-être des porcs et volailles

International audienceThe use of antibiotics has fallen by almost 50 % in the French poultry and pig industry in 15 years. However, this change has been more or less significant depending on the farm, and the introduction of antibiotic-free labels by retailors has sometimes resulted in excessive reduction in the use of antibiotics, to the detriment of animal health and welfare. To make progress in improving the use of antibiotics, a participatory approach was carried out, bringing together representatives of veterinarians, the pig and poultry industry, technical institutes, the Ministry of Agriculture and researchers. The paper presents the major stages of the process and their results, concerning the long-term vision shared by the group concerning the use of antibiotics on farms, and the analysis of the obstacles to be lifted in order to move towards the shared objective. The results show, among other things, the importance of standardizing and disseminating systems for monitoring, at the farm level, animal health and welfare, use of antibiotics and level of resistance to antibiotics, in order to allow farmers and veterinarians to precisely monitor the use of antibiotics. Other fields of action concern the need for improved communication and consumer information on the issue of animal health, welfare and the proper use of antibiotics, and the issue of the economic competitiveness of the sector and the economic viability of farms that want to invest in prevention.L'utilisation d'antibiotiques a diminué de près de 50 % dans les filières avicoles et porcines françaises en 15 ans. Cependant, cette évolution a été plus ou moins importante selon les élevages, et la mise en place de labels « sans antibiotiques » a pu se traduire dans certains cas par des excès de réduction d’usage des antibiotiques, au détriment de la santé et du bien-être des animaux. Pour avancer dans la rationnalisation du recours aux antibiotiques, une démarche participative a été menée, associant des représentants des vétérinaires praticiens, des interprofessions porcine et avicole, des instituts techniques, du ministère de l’agriculture et des chercheurs. L’article présente les étapes majeures de la démarche et leurs résultats, concernant la vision à long terme partagée par le groupe sur l'utilisation des antibiotiques en élevage, et l’analyse des verrous à lever pour avancer vers l’objectif partagé. Les résultats montrent entre autres l'importance de la standardisation et de la diffusion de dispositifs de suivi, à l’échelle de la ferme, de la santé et du bien-être des animaux, de l'utilisation des antibiotiques et du niveau de résistance aux antibiotiques, afin de permettre aux éleveurs et vétérinaires de piloter avec précision l’usage des antibiotiques. Les deux autres champs d’action du collectif concernent i) le besoin d'une meilleure communication et information des consommateurs sur la question de la santé animale, du bien-être et du bon usage des antibiotiques et ii) la compétitivité économique de la filière et la viabilité économique des exploitations qui veulent investir en prévention

Towards a Better Use of Antimicrobials on Farms: Insights from a Participatory Approach in the French Pig and Poultry Sectors

International audienceDespite the strong decrease in antimicrobial use in the French poultry and pig sectors over the last decade, room for improvement remains. A participatory approach was set up in France, involving representatives of veterinarians, the pig and poultry industries, technical institutes, the French Ministry of Agriculture, and researchers, to further improve how antimicrobials are used on farms. By successively defining a shared, long-term vision of future antimicrobial use on farms, identifying lock-in mechanisms impeding this future vision from being realized, and articulating practical questions on how to move in the desired direction, the group rapidly reached a consensus. The results highlight the need for consensual standardized monitoring tools that would allow farmers and veterinarians to jointly monitor the health, welfare, antimicrobial resistance, and antimicrobial use on farms. Other results relate to better communication and training for citizens regarding animal health, animal welfare, and proper antimicrobial use; some benefits but also counterproductive effects of antibiotic-free labels that imperil animal health and welfare; the economic competitiveness of farms on international markets; and the economic sustainability of farm animal veterinary practices. These results call for a concerted way to produce tools for farmers and veterinarians and the broader involvement of other food sector actors

Réflexion participative pour une optimisation de l’usage des antibiotiques garantissant santé et bien-être des porcs et volailles

International audienceAntibiotic use has fallen by almost 50% in the French poultry and pig sectors in the last 15 years. However, the degree of change has varied among farms, and the introduction of antibiotic-free labels by retailors has sometimes resulted in an excessive reduction in antibiotic use, to the detriment of animal health and welfare. To improve antibiotic use, a participatory approach was applied that brought together representatives of veterinarians, the pig and poultry sectors, technical institutes, the Ministry of Agriculture, and researchers. This paper presents the main stages of the process and their results, concerning the long-term vision shared by the group about antibiotic use on farms and analysis of the obstacles that need to be lifted to move towards this shared objective. The results show, among other things, the importance of standardizing and disseminating systems for monitoring, at the farm level, animal health and welfare, antibiotic use and the level of resistance to antibiotics, in order to allow farmers and veterinarians to precisely monitor the antibiotic use. Other fields of action concern (i) the need for better communication and consumer information on the issues of animal health, welfare and the proper use of antibiotics, and (ii) the issues of the economic competitiveness of the sector and the economic viability of farms that want to invest in prevention.L'utilisation d'antibiotiques a diminué de près de 50 % dans les filières avicoles et porcines françaises en 15 ans. Cependant, cette évolution a été plus ou moins importante selon les élevages, et la mise en place de labels « sans antibiotiques » a pu se traduire dans certains cas par des excès de réduction d’usage des antibiotiques, au détriment de la santé et du bien-être des animaux. Pour avancer dans la rationalisation du recours aux antibiotiques, une démarche participative a été menée, associant des représentants des vétérinaires praticiens, des interprofessions porcine et avicole, des instituts techniques, du ministère de l’agriculture et des chercheurs. L’article présente les étapes majeures de la démarche et leurs résultats concernant la vision à long terme sur l'utilisation des antibiotiques en élevage et l’analyse des verrous à lever pour avancer. Les résultats montrent, entre autres, l'importance de la standardisation et de la diffusion de dispositifs de suivi de (i) la santé et le bien-être des animaux, (ii) l'utilisation des antibiotiques et (iii) le niveau de résistance aux antibiotiques, à l’échelle de la ferme. Ceci permettra aux éleveurs et vétérinaires de piloter avec précision l’usage des antibiotiques. Les deux autres champs d’action du collectif concernent (i) le besoin d'une meilleure communication et information des consommateurs sur la question de la santé animale, du bien-être et du bon usage des antibiotiques et (ii) la question de la compétitivité économique de la filière et la viabilité économique des exploitations qui veulent investir en prévention.<br/

Efficacy and safety profile of long-term exposure to lenalidomide in patients with recurrent multiple myeloma

International audienceBACKGROUNDLenalidomide in combination with dexamethasone (Len/Dex) is indicated for patients with recurrent/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) who were treated with 1 prior therapy until evidence of disease progression. The objective of the current study was to determine the efficacy and safety profile of long-term exposure to Len/Dex.METHODSA total of 50 patients with RRMM who were treated with long-term Len for ≥ 2 years from 2 Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome (IFM) centers (Lille and Nancy) were included in the current study.RESULTSThe median age of the patients was 58 years, with 30% of the patients aged > 65 years, 49% having an International Staging System stage of 2 and 3, 12% having severe renal insufficiency, and 8% demonstrating an adverse result on fluorescence in situ hybridization. Approximately 56% of the patients received treatment with Len/Dex for ≥ 3 years. The median duration of treatment with Len/Dex was 3 years (range, 2 years-7 years). The response rates for partial response or better and very good partial response or better for the overall cohort were 96% and 74%, respectively, which is similar to patients exposed to Len for ≥ 3 years. With a median follow-up of 4 years, 19 (38%) patients had stopped treatment with Len/Dex. The time to disease progression rate at 37 months was 78% and 91%, respectively, in patients exposed to Len for 2 years to < 3 years and for ≥ 3 years (P = 025). The safety profile was manageable, similar to that of Len when administered for a shorter period of time; 16% of patients had grade 3 to 4 neutropenia, 6% had thrombopenia, 6% had anemia, and 20% experienced thromboembolic events, all of venous type. The annual incidence rate of second primary malignancy was 1.96% in the current series.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study confirmed that the Len/Dex combination is feasible for long-term use in patients with RRMM, with a significant benefit noted in terms of time to disease progression for prolonged treatment with Len/Dex