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The lipids of spore types B, E, and F and vegetative cell types E and F of Clostridium botulinum
The primary purpose of this investigation was to characterize
the lipids of the spores and vegetative cells of Cl. botulinum. A
second purpose was to explore the possibility that lipids might serve
as a means of differentiating the chiefly proteolytic Cl. botulinum
type B from the nonproteolytic Cl. botulinum types E and F.
The total lipid extracted accounted for 3.7%, 3.3%, 2.0%,
2.7%, and 3.0% of the dry weight of Cl. botulinum vegetative cell
types 61E and F; and spore types 61E, F, and 115B, respectively.
The fatty acids were analyzed in the form of their methyl esters
by gas-liquid chromatography. Infrared spectroscopy, mercuric
acetate fractionation, and silver nitrate-thin layer chromatography
served as complementary means of analysis. The total
fatty acids included straight chain saturated, unsaturated, and cyclopropane
acids. Palmitic and myristic were the predominant acids
in both the spores and vegetative cells of types 61E, F, and 115B.
Together, they made up over 50% of the total fatty acids.
Unsaturated acids were the second major group. These were
primarily 7, 8-tetradecenoic, 9, 10-hexadecenoic, 7, 8-hexadecenoic,
11, 12-octadecenoic, and 9, 10-octadecenoic acids, Types E and F
possessed an 18-carbon diunsaturate, which was not found in the
vegetative cells or spores of type 115B. However, insufficient
quantities prevented its further characterization. The vegetative
cells and spores also contained Cââ
, Cââ, Cââ cyclopropane fatty
acids as adjudged by their infrared spectra and gas-liquid chromatographic
behavior.
The phospholipids accounted for approximately 60% of the total
lipids in the vegetative cells and 40% of that in the spores. The primary
phospholipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Qualitative tests
for plasmalogens, glycolipids, and phosphatidic acid were positive
for both spores and vegetative cells
UV Absorption Lines from High-Velocity Gas in the Vela Supernova Remnant: New insights from STIS Echelle Observations of HD72089
The star HD72089 is located behind the Vela supernova remnant and shows a
complex array of high and low velocity interstellar absorption features arising
from shocked clouds. A spectrum of this star was recorded over the wavelength
range 1196.4 to 1397.2 Angstroms at a resolving power lambda/Delta lambda =
110,000 and signal-to-noise ratio of 32 by STIS on the Hubble Space Telescope.
We have identified 7 narrow components of C I and have measured their relative
populations in excited fine-structure levels. Broader features at heliocentric
velocities ranging from -70 to +130 km/s are seen in C II, N I, O I, Si II, S
II and Ni II. In the high-velocity components, the unusually low abundances of
N I and O I, relative to S II and Si II, suggest that these elements may be
preferentially ionized to higher stages by radiation from hot gas immediately
behind the shock fronts.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures, Latex. Submitted for the special HST ERO issue
of the Astrophysical Journal Letter
Hybrid photonic crystal cavity and waveguide for coupling to diamond NV-centers
A design for an ultra-high Q photonic crystal nanocavity engineered to
interact with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers located near the surface of a
single crystal diamond sample is presented. The structure is based upon a
nanowire photonic crystal geometry, and consists of a patterned high refractive
index membrane, such as gallium phosphide (GaP), supported by a diamond
substrate. The nanocavity supports a mode with quality factor Q > 1.5 million
and mode volume V < 0.52 (\lambda/n_\text{GaP})^3, and promises to allow
Purcell enhanced collection of spontaneous emission from an NV located more
than 50 nm below the diamond surface. The nanowire photonic crystal waveguide
can be used to efficiently couple light into and out of the cavity, or as an
efficient broadband collector of NV phonon sideband emission. The proposed
structures can be fabricated using existing materials and processing
techniques
Theory and applications of atomic and ionic polarizabilities
Atomic polarization phenomena impinge upon a number of areas and processes in
physics. The dielectric constant and refractive index of any gas are examples
of macroscopic properties that are largely determined by the dipole
polarizability. When it comes to microscopic phenomena, the existence of
alkaline-earth anions and the recently discovered ability of positrons to bind
to many atoms are predominantly due to the polarization interaction. An
imperfect knowledge of atomic polarizabilities is presently looming as the
largest source of uncertainty in the new generation of optical frequency
standards. Accurate polarizabilities for the group I and II atoms and ions of
the periodic table have recently become available by a variety of techniques.
These include refined many-body perturbation theory and coupled-cluster
calculations sometimes combined with precise experimental data for selected
transitions, microwave spectroscopy of Rydberg atoms and ions, refractive index
measurements in microwave cavities, ab initio calculations of atomic structures
using explicitly correlated wave functions, interferometry with atom beams, and
velocity changes of laser cooled atoms induced by an electric field. This
review examines existing theoretical methods of determining atomic and ionic
polarizabilities, and discusses their relevance to various applications with
particular emphasis on cold-atom physics and the metrology of atomic frequency
standards.Comment: Review paper, 44 page
Restoration of Regenerative Osteoblastogenesis in Aged Mice: Modulation of TNF
Skeletal changes accompanying aging are associated with both increased risk of fractures and impaired fracture healing, which, in turn, is due to compromised bone regeneration potential. These changes are associated with increased serum levels of selected proinflammatory cytokines, e.g., tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). We have used a unique model of bone regeneration to demonstrate (1) that aged-related deficits in direct bone formation can be restored to young mice by treatment with TNF blockers and (2) that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is a candidate for mediation of the osteoinhibitory effects of TNF. It has been hypothesized recently that TNF antagonists may represent novel anabolic agents, and we believe that the data presented here represent a successful test of this hypothesis. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Researc
The James Webb Space Telescope Mission: Optical Telescope Element Design, Development, and Performance
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large, infrared space telescope
that has recently started its science program which will enable breakthroughs
in astrophysics and planetary science. Notably, JWST will provide the very
first observations of the earliest luminous objects in the Universe and start a
new era of exoplanet atmospheric characterization. This transformative science
is enabled by a 6.6 m telescope that is passively cooled with a 5-layer
sunshield. The primary mirror is comprised of 18 controllable, low areal
density hexagonal segments, that were aligned and phased relative to each other
in orbit using innovative image-based wavefront sensing and control algorithms.
This revolutionary telescope took more than two decades to develop with a
widely distributed team across engineering disciplines. We present an overview
of the telescope requirements, architecture, development, superb on-orbit
performance, and lessons learned. JWST successfully demonstrates a segmented
aperture space telescope and establishes a path to building even larger space
telescopes.Comment: accepted by PASP for JWST Overview Special Issue; 34 pages, 25
figure
Deleterious effects of endocrine disruptors are corrected in the mammalian germline by epigenome reprogramming
The James Webb Space Telescope Mission
Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies,
expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling
for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least .
With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000
people realized that vision as the James Webb Space Telescope. A
generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of
the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the
scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000
team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image
quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief
history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing
program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite
detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space
Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure
The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning
This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb
Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period.
We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments,
and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch
expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of
achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the
board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases,
JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite
have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range
that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through
observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies.Comment: 5th version as accepted to PASP; 31 pages, 18 figures;
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/acb29
An Evaluation of the Effects of Neighborhood Mobilization on Community Problems
This research examines the outcomes of actions taken by members of a residential neighborhood association to revitalize a neighborhood and to make it a safer and more secure place to live. This urban neighborhood association initiated a major planning process in cooperation with city officials. Residents overwhelmingly adopted the plan that included the creation of mini-neighborhoods with a series of gates to moderate traffic flow, increase neighborliness, and reduce crime. An analysis of official data from police crime reports shows that crime was significantly reduced in the neighborhood after the street changes. This reduction in crime was maintained even five years later. Telephone interviews with neighborhood residents indicated that they perceived reductions in traffic, crime, noise and drug offenses for at least five years after the changes. Even though neighborhood cohesion did not increase, it appears that the actions instigated and promoted by neighborhood association members enhanced the quality of life for neighborhood residents