16 research outputs found
Development of auditory repetition effects with age : evidence from EEG time-frequency analysis
La preÌsentation reÌpeÌteÌe dâun son inconnu conduit aÌ des effets de reÌpeÌtition comprenant la suppression (ârepetition suppressionâ ou RS) ou lâaugmentation (ârepetition enhancementâ ou RE) de lâactiviteÌ neuronale. Ces pheÌnomeÌnes refleÌtent des meÌcanismes ceÌreÌbraux impliquant un apprentissage perceptuel. Lâobjectif de ce meÌmoire de maitrise eÌtait dâapporter une perspective deÌveloppementale de lâactiviteÌ ceÌreÌbrale sous-tendant lâapprentissage perceptuel auditif. LâEEG a eÌteÌ enregistreÌ chez 101 participants sains aÌgeÌs de 3 aÌ 40 ans pendant un paradigme auditif passif durant lequel 30 pseudo-mots eÌtaient reÌpeÌteÌs 6 fois chacun. Des analyses en temps- freÌquence ont eÌteÌ calculeÌes pour chaque reÌpeÌtition. La puissance spectrale enregistreÌes en EEG entre chaque reÌpeÌtition a eÌteÌ compareÌe au moyen de modeÌles lineÌaires mixtes. Les reÌsultats montrent quâun effet de reÌpeÌtition survient au cours du deÌveloppement mais varie en fonction de lâaÌge et des bandes de freÌquences. Du RS et RE ont eÌteÌ observeÌs aÌ tous les aÌges dans le theÌta bas et le gamma respectivement. Un effet deÌveloppemental a eÌteÌ trouveÌ de façon plus preÌcoce pour le RS dans le theÌta haut et de façon tardive pour le RE dans le theÌta bas. Ces reÌsultats montrent que les processus impliquant un apprentissage perceptif auditif, tel que le RS et le RE, suivent une trajectoire deÌveloppementale speÌcifique en fonction des rythmes ceÌreÌbraux. Les effets de reÌpeÌtition refleÌteraient diffeÌrents niveaux de traitement des stimuli qui se deÌvelopperaient de manieÌre indeÌpendante. Des recherches suppleÌmentaires seront neÌcessaires pour preÌciser le roÌle fonctionnel des effets de reÌpeÌtitions sur le deÌveloppement cognitif.The repeated presentation of unfamiliar sounds leads to repetition effects comprising repetition suppression (RS) and enhancement (RE) of neural activity. These phenomena reflect mechanisms involved in perceptual learning and are associated with a decrease or increase in EEG spectral powers. The objective of this Masterâs thesis is to provide a developmental perspective of the cortical activity underlying auditory perceptual learning. EEG was recorded in 101 healthy participants ranging from 3 to 40 years during an auditory paradigm comprising 30 pseudowords repeated six times each. EEG time-frequency spectral power was calculated for each presentation and was compared to quantify repetition effects. Linear mixed model analysis revealed that some repetition effects occurred across ages and others varied with age in specific frequency bands. More precisely, RS and RE were found across ages in lower theta and gamma frequency bands respectively between the first and all subsequent pseudoword presentations. Developmental effects were seen in the RS observed in the higher theta/low alpha band and in the later occurring RE in the lower theta band. These results show that processes involved in auditory perceptual learning, such as RS and RE, are modulated by maturation. Further, repetition effects reflect different levels of stimulus processing and these levels seem to develop independently. More research is required to identify the exact functional roles of auditory repetitions effects on cognitive development
Ătude de la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique dâisolats quĂ©bĂ©cois de Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae provenant dâinfections simples ou mixtes et caractĂ©risation de leur sensibilitĂ© aux antimicrobiens
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae est lâagent causal de la pneumonie enzootique. On le retrouve dans plusieurs Ă©levages de porcs Ă travers le monde. MĂȘme si ce micro-organisme est prĂ©sent dans plusieurs troupeaux canadiens, peu dâinformations sont prĂ©sentement disponibles sur les isolats quĂ©bĂ©cois. Un total de 160 poumons de porcs possĂ©dant des lĂ©sions de pneumonie ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©cupĂ©rĂ©s Ă lâabattoir, mis en culture et testĂ©s par PCR pour M. hyopneumoniae et Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Dâautres pathogĂšnes bactĂ©riens communs du porc et les virus du syndrome reproducteur et respiratoire porcin (VSRRP), de lâinfluenza et le circovirus porcin de type 2 (CVP2) ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©galement testĂ©s. Quatre-vingt-dix pourcent des Ă©chantillons Ă©taient positifs pour M. hyopneumoniae et 5.6% lâĂ©taient seulement pour M. hyorhinis. Dans ces Ă©chantillons positifs pour M. hyopneumoniae, la concentration de ce mycoplasme variait de 1.17 x 105 Ă 3.37 x 109 gĂ©nomes/mL. Vingt-cinq poumons positifs en culture ou par PCR en temps rĂ©el pour M. hyopneumoniae ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ©s, parmi ceux-ci 10 Ă©taient en coinfection avec Pasteurella multocida, 12 avec Streptococcus suis, 9 avec CVP2 et 2 avec le VSRRP. Les analyses des nombres variables de rĂ©pĂ©titions en tandem Ă de multiples loci (MLVA) et PCR-polymorphisme de longueur de fragments de restriction (PCR-RFLP) de M. hyopneumoniae ont dĂ©montrĂ© une forte diversitĂ© des isolats de terrain. Par contre, il semble y avoir plus dâhomogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© Ă lâintĂ©rieur dâun mĂȘme Ă©levage. Lâanalyse MLVA a Ă©galement dĂ©montrĂ© que prĂšs de la moitiĂ© des isolats possĂ©daient moins de 55% dâhomologie avec les souches vaccinales et de rĂ©fĂ©rence utilisĂ©es dans la prĂ©sente Ă©tude. Lâabsence dâamplification du locus 1 de M. hyopneumoniae en MLVA a Ă©tĂ© significativement associĂ©e Ă une baisse de la concentration de bactĂ©rie et de la sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© des lĂ©sions. Pour tous les isolats de M. hyopneumoniae, des concentrations minimales inhibitrices (CMI) de faibles Ă intermĂ©diaires ont Ă©tĂ© obtenues envers tous les antimicrobiens testĂ©s. Les isolats possĂ©dant des CMI intermĂ©diaires envers les tĂ©tracyclines, les macrolides et les lincosamides ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©s pour la prĂ©sence des gĂšnes de rĂ©sistance tetM, ermB et pour des mutations ponctuelles dans les gĂšnes des protĂ©ines L4, L22 et de lâARNr 23S. Aucun de ces gĂšnes nâa Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ© mais la mutation ponctuelle G2057A a Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©e. Cette mutation est responsable de la rĂ©sistance intrinsĂšque de M. hyopneumoniae face aux macrolides Ă 14 carbones. Ces rĂ©sultats indiquent quâil ne semble pas y avoir de rĂ©sistance acquise aux antimicrobiens parmi ces isolats. En conclusion, cette recherche a permis dâobtenir de nouvelles donnĂ©es scientifiques sur les isolats quĂ©bĂ©cois de M. hyopneumoniae.Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, is present in swine herds worldwide. However, little is known about the prevalence of this microorganism in Quebec and Canadian herds. A total of 160 swine lungs with lesions suggestive of enzootic pneumonia were recovered from two slaughterhouses. They were cultured and tested by PCR for M. hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyorhinis and for the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), the influenza virus, and the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Samples were also cultured for other commonly encountered swine pathogenic bacteria. Ninety percent of the samples were positive for M. hyopneumoniae (Real-time PCR) whereas 5.6% were positive only for M. hyorhinis (PCR). The concentration of M. hyopneumoniae in these positive samples varied between 1.17 x 105 and 3.37 x 109 genomes/mL Among 25 selected M. hyopneumoniae positive lungs (culture or real-time PCR), 10 demonstrated a co-infection with Pasteurella multocida, 12 with Streptococcus suis, 9 with PCV2 and 2 with the PRRS virus. Multiple loci variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) and PCR-restriction fragments length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analyses showed a high diversity among field M. hyopneumoniae isolates. However, there seemed to be greater homogeneity within the same herd. The MLVA analysis also demonstrated that almost half of the field isolates presented less than 55% homology with the vaccine and reference strains used in our study. The absence of amplification of one locus (locus 1) of M. hyopneumoniae was significantly associated with a lower number of bacteria and a lower severity of lung lesions. All M. hyopneumoniae isolates showed low to intermediate MICs against the antimicrobials tested. Cultures with intermediate MICs for tetracyclines, macrolides and lincosamides were tested for the presence of previously described resistance genes tetM, ermB and L4, L22 and 23S rRNA point mutations. None of these genes were found, although one point mutation, G2057A, was identified. This mutation is responsible for the intrinsic resistance of M. hyopneumoniae against 14-membered macrolides. These results indicate that there is probably no acquired antimicrobial resistance within these isolates. This research provides new scientific data on M. hyopneumoniae isolates from Canada
Ătude sur le biofilm et les mĂ©canismes de rĂ©sistance Ă la bacitracine chez Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium perfringens est ubiquitaire dans lâenvironnement. Ce microorganisme peut ĂȘtre retrouvĂ© dans la flore normale du tractus gastro-intestinal des mammifĂšres et peut Ă©galement causer une variĂ©tĂ© dâinfections intestinales. Le phĂ©notype de rĂ©sistance Ă la bacitracine a dĂ©jĂ Ă©tĂ© rapportĂ© chez C. perfringens mais les gĂšnes associĂ©s nâont pas Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©s. Dans cette Ă©tude, 24 des 99 isolats de C. perfringens aviaires testĂ©s ont dĂ©montrĂ© une rĂ©sistance Ă la bacitracine. Les analyses ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© la prĂ©sence dâun transporteur ABC ainsi que dâune undĂ©caprĂ©nol kinase surproduite. Ces deux mĂ©canismes semblent ĂȘtre codĂ©s par lâopĂ©ron bcrABDR. En amont et en aval des gĂšnes bcr, un Ă©lĂ©ment IS1216-like a Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©, celui-ci pouvant jouer un rĂŽle dans la dissĂ©mination de la rĂ©sistance Ă la bacitracine. Des analyses dâhybridation sur ADN ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que les gĂšnes bcrABDR Ă©taient localisĂ©s sur le chromosome. De plus, il a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ© que les gĂšnes bcr Ă©taient exprimĂ©s en prĂ©sence de bacitracine.
Plusieurs Ă©tudes ont associĂ© la tolĂ©rance aux antibiotiques et aux dĂ©sinfectants Ă la formation de biofilm. Dans la littĂ©rature, peu dâinformations sont disponibles sur le biofilm de C. perfringens. La majoritĂ© des isolats testĂ©s dans cette Ă©tude ont dĂ©montrĂ© la formation dâun biofilm. Lâanalyse de la matrice a dĂ©montrĂ© que celle-ci contenait des protĂ©ines, de lâADN extracellulaire ainsi que des polysaccharides liĂ©s en bĂȘta-1,4. Une meilleure survie des cellules en biofilm a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e suite Ă une exposition Ă de fortes concentrations dâantibiotiques. Une exposition Ă de faibles doses de certains antibiotiques semblait diminuer le biofilm formĂ© alors que pour dâautres, le biofilm semblait augmenter. Dans la prĂ©sente Ă©tude, la susceptibilitĂ© des biofilms de C. perfringens Ă la dĂ©sinfection a Ă©tĂ© Ă©galement analysĂ©e. Les rĂ©sultats ont dĂ©montrĂ© que la formation de biofilm protĂ©geait les cellules de lâaction du monopersulfate de potassium, des ammoniums quaternaires, du peroxyde dâhydrogĂšne et du glutĂ©raldĂ©hyde. Toutefois, lâhypochlorite de sodium a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ© comme Ă©tant efficace contre le biofilm de C. perfringens. Il a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ© que les biofilms mixtes de C. perfringens cultivĂ©s en prĂ©sence de Staphylococcus aureus ou dâEscherichia coli Ă©taient plus rĂ©sistants Ă la dĂ©sinfection en comparaison aux biofilms simples de S. aureus ou dâE. coli. Toutefois, le biofilm simple de C. perfringens Ă©tait plus rĂ©sistant Ă la dĂ©sinfection que les biofilms mixtes.
Finalement, les profils de transcription entre les populations planctoniques et en biofilm ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©s par sĂ©quençage dâARN. Lâanalyse transcriptomique du biofilm a identifiĂ© 238 gĂšnes diffĂ©rentiellement exprimĂ©s entre les deux conditions. Les gĂšnes nĂ©gativement rĂ©gulĂ©s sont impliquĂ©s dans la virulence, la production dâĂ©nergie, le mĂ©tabolisme des sucres ainsi que dans la biosynthĂšse des acides gras et des acides aminĂ©s alors que les gĂšnes induits sont impliquĂ©s dans la rĂ©ponse au stress et au stress oxydatif, dans la biosynthĂšse dâacides gras et de phospholipides ainsi que dans la virulence.
Cette étude décrit pour la premiÚre fois la découverte des gÚnes associés à la résistance à la bacitracine chez C. perfringens. Elle rapporte également de nouvelles données sur la matrice du biofilm, la tolérance aux antibiotiques et aux désinfectants ainsi que sur le transcriptome du biofilm de C. perfringens.Clostridium perfringens is ubiquitous in the environment. This microorganism can be found in the intestinal tract of mammals as normal flora and can also cause many gastrointestinal infections. Phenotypic bacitracin resistance has been reported in the literature for C. perfringens but the genes responsible for this resistance have not yet been characterized. In this study, twenty-four of the 99 poultry isolates tested showed bacitracin resistance. Analysis revealed putative genes encoding for both an ABC transporter and an overproduced undecaprenol kinase. These two mechanisms were shown to be both encoded by the putative bcrABDR operon. An IS1216-like element was found upstream and downstream from the bcr cluster, which may play a role in the dissemination of this resistance determinant. DNA hybridization analyses revealed that the bacitracin resistance genes bcrABDR were located on the chromosome. Moreover, this gene cluster has been showed to be expressed under bacitracin stress.
Many studies have associated tolerance to antibiotics and disinfectants to biofilm. In the literature, very little is known on the biofilm formation by C. perfringens. Most of the C. perfringens isolates tested in this study were able to form biofilms. Matrix composition analysis revealed the presence of proteins, extracellular DNA and beta-1,4 linked polysaccharides. Biofilm could also protect C. perfringens bacterial cells from an exposition to high concentrations of antibiotics. Exposition to low doses of antibiotics tended to lead to a diminution of the biofilm formed but for few isolates, the biofilm formation was increased. In the present study, susceptibilities of C. perfringens biofilms to disinfectants were also analysed. Results showed that biofilms can protect the bacterial cells from the action of potassium monopersulfate, quaternary ammonium chlorides, hydrogen peroxide and gluteraldehyde solutions. However, sodium hypochlorite solution was shown to be effective on C. perfringens biofilms. Our investigation of dual-species biofilms of C. perfringens with the addition of Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli demonstrated that these dual-species biofilms were more tolerant to disinfection with sodium hypochlorite than the mono-species biofilms of S. aureus or E. coli. However, further disinfection studies using sodium hypochlorite suggest that the mono-species biofilms formed by C. perfringens is more tolerant to this disinfectant than the dual-species biofilms of C. perfringens with S. aureus or E. coli.
Finally, the differential gene expression patterns between planktonic populations and biofilms of C. perfringens were investigated by RNA sequencing. The transcriptomic analysis identified 238 genes that were significantly differentially expressed between both conditions. Genes that were down-regulated in biofilm cells, relative to planktonic cells, included those involved in virulence, energy production, carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acids and amino acids biosynthesis. On the other hand, genes up-regulated in biofilm cells were involved in oxidative and stress responses, fatty acids and phospholipids biosynthesis and few genes were involved in virulence.
This study reports on the discovery of genes associated to bacitracin resistance of C. perfringens. Our work brings also new data on matrix cohesion of the biofilm, tolerance to antibiotics and disinfectants, and on the transcriptome of the biofilm of C. perfringens
Genetic diversity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae isolates of abattoir pigs
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, is present in swine herds worldwide. However, there is little information on strains infecting herds in Canada. A total of 160 swine lungs with lesions suggestive of enzootic pneumonia originating from 48 different farms were recovered from two slaughterhouses and submitted for gross pathology. The pneumonic lesion scores ranged from 2% to 84%.
Eighty nine percent of the lungs (143/160) were positive for M. hyopneumoniae by real-time PCR whereas 10% (16/160) and 8.8% (14/160) were positive by PCR for M. hyorhinis and M. flocculare, respectively. By culture, only 6% of the samples were positive for M. hyopneumoniae (10/160). Among the selected M. hyopneumoniae-positive lungs (n = 25), 9 lungs were co-infected with M. hyorhinis, 9 lungs with PCV2, 2 lungs with PRRSV, 12 lungs with S. suis and 10 lungs with P. multocida. MLVA and PCR-RFLP clustering of M. hyopneumoniae revealed that analyzed strains were distributed among three and five clusters respectively, regardless of severity of lesions, indicating that no cluster is associated with virulence. However, strains missing a specific MLVA locus showed significantly less severe lesions and lower numbers of bacteria. MLVA and PCR-RFLP analyses also showed a high diversity among field isolates of M. hyopneumoniae with a greater homogeneity within the same herd. Almost half of the field isolates presented less than 55% homology with selected vaccine and reference strains
Effects of eight neuropsychiatric copy number variants on human brain structure
Many copy number variants (CNVs) confer risk for the same range of neurodevelopmental symptoms and psychiatric conditions including autism and schizophrenia. Yet, to date neuroimaging studies have typically been carried out one mutation at a time, showing that CNVs have large effects on brain anatomy. Here, we aimed to characterize and quantify the distinct brain morphometry effects and latent dimensions across 8 neuropsychiatric CNVs. We analyzed T1-weighted MRI data from clinically and non-clinically ascertained CNV carriers (deletion/duplication) at the 1q21.1 (nâ=â39/28), 16p11.2 (nâ=â87/78), 22q11.2 (nâ=â75/30), and 15q11.2 (nâ=â72/76) loci as well as 1296 non-carriers (controls). Case-control contrasts of all examined genomic loci demonstrated effects on brain anatomy, with deletions and duplications showing mirror effects at the global and regional levels. Although CNVs mainly showed distinct brain patterns, principal component analysis (PCA) loaded subsets of CNVs on two latent brain dimensions, which explained 32 and 29% of the variance of the 8 Cohenâs d maps. The cingulate gyrus, insula, supplementary motor cortex, and cerebellum were identified by PCA and multi-view pattern learning as top regions contributing to latent dimension shared across subsets of CNVs. The large proportion of distinct CNV effects on brain morphology may explain the small neuroimaging effect sizes reported in polygenic psychiatric conditions. Nevertheless, latent gene brain morphology dimensions will help subgroup the rapidly expanding landscape of neuropsychiatric variants and dissect the heterogeneity of idiopathic conditions
Nicoletella semolina in the airways of healthy horses and horses with severe asthma
Abstract Background Nicoletella semolina was identified in the airways of horses and its low prevalence could be because of its difficult differentiation from other Pasteurellaceae. Objectives To develop a molecular method for the identification of N. semolina and to evaluate its prevalence in the mouth and the airways of healthy and severe asthmatic horses. Animals Six healthy and 6 severely asthmatic horses in phase I, 10 severely asthmatic horses in phase II, and 10 healthy horses in phase III. Methods Cohort (phases I and II) and crossâsectional (phase III) studies. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction primers targeting the sodA gene were optimized. N. semolina was quantified in oral and nasal washes and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF; phase I, sampled twice), in nasal washes and BALF (phase II, sampled twice), and in nasal washes (phase III). Results N. semolina was found in the nose of 5, 10, and 9 horses in phases I, II, and III, respectively (first sampling for phases I and II). Six BALF from 5 different horses were positive for N. semolina in phase II. In phase I, there was no significant difference in the nasal loads of healthy horses (median (range): 2.04âĂâ104 copies/mL (0â2.44âĂâ105)) and asthmatic horses in exacerbation (3.75âĂâ102 (0â4.84âĂâ106); Wilcoxon's rank sum test, P = .57). Conclusions and Clinical Importance N. semolina is commonly found in the airways of horses. The potential pathogenicity of N. semolina remains to be elucidated, but the molecular technique we developed will facilitate future studies
Characterization of genes encoding for acquired bacitracin resistance in Clostridium perfringens.
Phenotypic bacitracin resistance has been reported in Clostridium perfringens. However, the genes responsible for the resistance have not yet been characterized. Ninety-nine C. perfringens isolates recovered from broilers and turkeys were tested for phenotypic bacitracin resistance. Bacitracin MIC(90) (>256 ”g/ml) was identical for both turkey and chicken isolates; whereas MIC(50) was higher in turkey isolates (6 ”g/ml) than in chicken isolates (3 ”g/ml). Twenty-four of the 99 isolates showed high-level bacitracin resistance (MIC breakpoint >256 ”g/ml) and the genes encoding for this resistance were characterized in C. perfringens c1261_A strain using primer walking. Sequence analysis and percentages of amino acid identity revealed putative genes encoding for both an ABC transporter and an overproduced undecaprenol kinase in C. perfringens c1261_A strain. These two mechanisms were shown to be both encoded by the putative bcrABD operon under the control of a regulatory gene, bcrR. Efflux pump inhibitor thioridazine was shown to increase significantly the susceptibility of strain c1261_A to bacitracin. Upstream and downstream from the bcr cluster was an IS1216-like element, which may play a role in the dissemination of this resistance determinant. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with prior double digestion with I-CeuI/MluI enzymes followed by hybridization analyses revealed that the bacitracin resistance genes bcrABDR were located on the chromosome. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that this gene cluster is expressed under bacitracin stress. Microarray analysis revealed the presence of these genes in all bacitracin resistant strains. This study reports the discovery of genes encoding for a putative ABC transporter and an overproduced undecaprenol kinase associated with high-level bacitracin resistance in C. perfringens isolates from turkeys and broiler chickens
La construction de lâidentitĂ© professionnelle en travail social : des rapports sociorelationnels et de la reconnaissance
Prenant appui sur une dialectique de repĂšres thĂ©oriques multidisciplinaires et une dĂ©marche autobiographique de petit groupe (DAPG) comprenant huit rĂ©cits de vie dâapprenantes inscrites aux Ă©tudes supĂ©rieures en travail social, les connaissances prĂ©sentĂ©es dans ce texte montrent que lâidentitĂ© professionnelle en travail social se construit et Ă©volue au cours de lâensemble du parcours de vie. Elle est traversĂ©e par de multiples tensions, Ă plusieurs niveaux, notamment entre lâidentitĂ© personnelle et lâidentitĂ© professionnelle, entre sa propre histoire de vie et celle des destinataires de lâintervention, et, enfin, entre les organisations et les personnes qui y travaillent. LâidentitĂ© professionnelle se construit de deux points de vue : celui du sujet-acteur et celui dâautrui. Ainsi, la construction de lâidentitĂ© professionnelle en travail social Ă©volue entre le dĂ©sir, le besoin et lâexigence de reconnaissance. Un schĂ©ma de la nouvelle thĂ©orisation de la construction de lâidentitĂ© professionnelle en travail social est proposĂ©, lequel constitue lâaboutissement de la DAPG.Based on a dialectic of multidisciplinary theoretical references and a « dĂ©marche autobiographique de petit groupe » (DAPG) (small group autobiographical approach) comprising eight life stories of higher education learners of social work, the knowledge presented in this text demonstrates that professional identity in social work is created and evolves over the entire course of oneâs career. This identity is afflicted by multiple tensions, on several levels: notably between personal identity and professional identity, between oneâs own life history and that of the intervention recipients, and, also, between organizations and their employees. Professional identity is created from two points of view: the acting subjectâs vision and that of others. As a result, the creation of professional identity in social work will shift between the desire, need and requirement for acknowledgement. A diagram of the new theorization for the creation of professional identity in social work is proposed, thereby resulting in the culmination of our approach
PFGE and hybridization analysis of I-CeuI and MluI double-digested DNA of the bacitracin resistant <i>C. perfringens</i> strain c1261_A.
<p>PFGE analysis of <i>C. perfringens</i> strain c1261_A total DNA (A). Southern blot of <i>C. perfringens</i> isolate c1261_A total DNA probed with <i>rrn</i> (B) and with <i>bcrB</i> (C). Sizes (in kilobases) are indicated on the left.</p