Crime timing

This note develops a dynamic model of crime that determines the conditions under which it is optimal for a criminal to delay commission of a crime rather than committing it immediately. It also examines the optimal enforcement strategy in this context. We derive two results. The first is that it might be optimal to postpone a crime that is profitable now if its benefit increase quickly enough in the future and that a crime that is not yet optimal might become so in the future. The second is that it is optimal to underdeter crime.

Profil génétique et prévalence de la fibrose kystique dans les communautés acadiennes et francophones des Maritimes

Nous évaluons ici la situation des Acadiens et des francophones des provinces maritimes (Nouvelle-Écosse, Nouveau-Brunswick, Île-du-Prince-Édouard) face à la fibrose kystique, la maladie génétique létale la plus répandue en Amérique du Nord. Nos résultats indiquent que plusieurs familles acadiennes et francophones sont touchées par cette maladie et qu’il existe un besoin de documentation et de services en français, spécifiques aux communautés acadiennes. Des disparités régionales ont été observées pour l’âge au diagnostic et le profil génétique, notamment dans les régions à majorité francophone. Cette analyse confirme le besoin d’études spécifiques sur la santé des Acadiens et des francophones des Maritimes.We evaluate the situation of Acadians and Francophones of the Maritime Provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island) in relation to cystic fibrosis, the most prevalent lethal genetic disease in North America. Our results indicate that quite a few Acadian and Francophone families are affected by this disease and that there is a need for documentation and services in French specific to Acadian communities. Regional disparities were seen for the age at diagnosis and genetic profile, particularly in regions where Francophones are in the majority. This analysis confirms the need for studies specific to the health of Acadians and Francophones of the Maritimes

The Lawyer as a Portfolio Manager: How Does the Fee System Influence on the Lawyer\u27s Decision of Handling Legal Claim?

We use the portfolio theory to analyze the lawyer\u27s decision regarding the type of case the lawyer will handle. We offer some insights into the widespread idea that contingency lawyers are providing a risk sharing service. We demonstrate that a contingent fee lawyer diversifies his portfolio. We show that reputation induces more, but not fully, concentration, since a lawyer with greater reputation or expertise selects more risky cases. The size of the law firm has the same result

Financial Reform in the U.S.: A Critical Survey of Dodd-Frank and What is Needed for Europe

We review the major provisions of Dodd-Frank, focusing on the monitoring of systemic risk, the limitation on proprietary trading, the regulation of the hedge fund industry, credit rating agencies, and the rules applicable to derivative trading. We compare these provisions with the recent regulatory changes in the EU, and critically assess the potential impact of Dodd-Frank

La microflore de boues aérobies acclimatées à des teneurs élevées en graisse

Le travail présenté dans cet article a pour but d'isoler les principaux micro-organismes impliqués dans la biodégradation des lipides concentrés dans des réacteurs spécifiques de stations d'épuration des eaux et d'étudier leur action sur ce type de substrat.La microflore d'une boue activée « classique » est comparée à celle de boues acclimatées à des teneurs élevées en lipides selon un nouveau procédé « BIOMASTER® G ». Cela montre un enrichissement en bactéries fortement lipolytiques dans le système à l'équilibre. En effet, la boue activée « classique » ne contient aucun microorganisme fortement lipolytique alors qu'à partir de la boue acclimatée du même site on a pu en isoler, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus et Pseudomonas putida étant les constituants les plus actifs. L'utilisation de bioadditifs du commerce pour l'ensemencement des pilotes au lancement du système ne semble pas apporter d'avantages décisifs puisqu'on ne retrouve pas à l'équilibre les micro-organismes contenus dans ces bioadditifs. Par contre, d'autres microorganismes à pouvoir lipolytique élevé sont détectés tels que Pseudomonas sp., Aeromonas hydrophila et Staphylococcus sp . Le genre Pseudomonas est par ailleurs presque toujours rencontré quelle que soit la boue acclimatée examinée. De même, on peut noter la quasi absence de bactéries Gram positif.Tous les isolats Gram négatif dégradent plus ou moins les acides gras de longueur de chaîne variée. Le seul isolat Gram positif est inhibé ou même tué par les acides gras à chaîne moyenne ou courte et cela peut contribuer à la pauvreté en bactéries Gram positif dans les boues acclimatées. Les genres principaux que nous avons rencontrés, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter et Aeromonas, sont capables d'assurer à la fois la lipolyse (libération des acides gras) et l'oxydation subséquente des acides gras. L'enrichissement naturel de la microflore lipolytique des boues activées dans le procédé aboutit à une microflore acclimatée capable d'assurer la biodégradation complète des lipides.In this study, the main microorganisms involved in lipid biodegradation in activated sludge sewage treatment plants were isolated and their action on triglycerides and on fatty acids was investigated.Six different sludge samples were studied. An activated sludge of the usual type (A) was used as reference. At the same site, activated sludge was adapted to higher lipid levels, through separation of fats reaching the sewage treatment plant, followed by their addition in higher proportion to activated sludge. In experiment B, adaptation took place in a « BIOMASTER® G » reactor, which is a new process for the elimination of fats by an aerobic treatment. Experiments C and D used the same original sludge plus lipid mixture, but with the addition of commercial bioadditives containing lipolytic bacteria. Finally, microorganisms isolated from two other systems, located at two other sites, were also studied (experiments E and F).The control activated sludge, A, did not contain any strongly lipolytic microorganisms. On the other hand, in the new system at equilibrium, after adaptation, bacteria with a strong lipolytic potential such as Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and, Pseudomonas putida were isolated. The use of bioadditives at the start of the incubation did not afford any notable advantage, since at equilibrium microorganisms contained in these additives were not reisolated. However, other microorganisms with high lipolytic power (activity higher than 0.1 µmole acid liberated per minute and per ml of culture broth) were isolated, such as Pseudomorns sp., Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus sp. The genus Pseudomozas was almost always detected, regardless of the acclimated sludge studied. Conversely, Gram positive bacteria were virtually absent.All Gram negative isolates were more or less capable of degrading fatty acids with various chain lengths. The only Gram positive isolate was inhibited, even killed, by short and medium chain fatty acids. In the present study, this might contribute to the paucity of Gram positive bacteria in the adapted sludges. The main genera encountered, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Aeromonas, were able to perform both lipolysis (liberation of fatty acids) and the subsequent oxidation of the liberated fatty acids. The natural enrichment of the lipolltic microflora of activated sludges in the process leads to an acclimated microflora, able to completely biodegrade lipids

Demographics, cultural dimensions and cognac consumption in France: A consumer behavior analysis based on the marketing mix

Although Cognac consumption has been booming across the world, the success of this spirit did not receive the same outcome in its country of production, France. Understanding consumer behaviour is a key for companies and a widely covered subject by researchers. The Cognac industry has not benefited from an extensive literature coverage, and the current context is making it interesting to study. The aim of this study is to analyse if there is an influence from demographics and cultural dimensions on Cognac consumer behaviour, in France. Regarding demographics, Age and Wage are the two independent variables, relating to generation and purchasing behaviour. For the cultural dimensions, Masculinity and Restriction have been used from Hofstede works. The consumer behaviour is split in four part according to the marketing mix: Price, Place, Promotion, Product. Study. Through this study, it has been found that Age is influencing negatively the choice of premium places of consumptions, like the cultural dimension restriction. Wage in this study did not have any impact on the buying behaviour of consumers. Relating to Masculinity, it is interesting to state that respondents with a tendency to have a more masculine behavior are willing to pay more for a cocktail with Cognac. The goal of this study is to open a part of the literature where there is a gap between the Consumption of Cognac and the French consumers.Desde que o consumo de Cognac tem vindo a crescer em todo o mundo, o sucesso deste espírito não recebeu o mesmo acolhimento no seu país de produção, a França. A compreensão do comportamento do consumidor é uma chave para as empresas e um tema amplamente coberto pelos investigadores. O conhaque indsutry não recebe muita atenção da literatura, e o contexto da acutel está a tornar interessante o estudo. O objectivo deste estudo, é analisar se existe uma influência da demografia e das dimensões culturais no comportamento dos consumidores de Cognac, em França. Relativamente à demografia, Idade e Salário são as duas variáveis independentes, relacionadas com a geração e o comportamento de compra. Para as dimensões culturais, Masculinidade e Restrição têm sido utilizadas de obras de Hofstede. O comportamento do consumidor é dividido em quatro partes de acordo com a mistura de marketing: Preço, Local, Promoção, Produto. Estudo. Através deste estudo, verificou-se que a Idade está a influenciar negativamente a escolha de locais de consumo premium, tal como a restrição da dimensão cultural. O salário neste estudo não teve qualquer impacto sobre o comportamento de compra dos consumidores. Em relação à Masculinidade, é interessante afirmar que os inquiridos mais masculinos estão dispostos a pagar mais por um cocktail com Cognac. O objectivo deste estudo é abrir uma parte da literatura onde existe uma lacuna entre o Consumo de Cognac e os consumidores franceses

The Effect of Architecture and Design on Mental Health and Implications for Open Art Studios

In this literature review I will discuss the history of architecture and design in the mental health field. I investigate what has been studied on how different aspects of design, such as safety and security, noise and external stressors, space and interior layout, nature, lighting and atmosphere, art, community, and the therapeutic milieu all impacts mental health. With the understanding of these aspects, I explore the importance of and how to utilize purpose-built design in open art studio spaces. Incorporating elements such as natural lighting, open floor plans, private and open community spaces, artwork, safety procedures, and nature/views of nature, provides a supportive environment for clients’ well-being and treatment

Demographics, cultural dimensions and cognac consumption in France: A consumer behavior analysis based on the marketing mix

Although Cognac consumption has been booming across the world, the success of this spirit did not receive the same outcome in its country of production, France. Understanding consumer behaviour is a key for companies and a widely covered subject by researchers. The Cognac industry has not benefited from an extensive literature coverage, and the current context is making it interesting to study. The aim of this study is to analyse if there is an influence from demographics and cultural dimensions on Cognac consumer behaviour, in France. Regarding demographics, Age and Wage are the two independent variables, relating to generation and purchasing behaviour. For the cultural dimensions, Masculinity and Restriction have been used from Hofstede works. The consumer behaviour is split in four part according to the marketing mix: Price, Place, Promotion, Product. Study. Through this study, it has been found that Age is influencing negatively the choice of premium places of consumptions, like the cultural dimension restriction. Wage in this study did not have any impact on the buying behaviour of consumers. Relating to Masculinity, it is interesting to state that respondents with a tendency to have a more masculine behavior are willing to pay more for a cocktail with Cognac. The goal of this study is to open a part of the literature where there is a gap between the Consumption of Cognac and the French consumers.Desde que o consumo de Cognac tem vindo a crescer em todo o mundo, o sucesso deste espírito não recebeu o mesmo acolhimento no seu país de produção, a França. A compreensão do comportamento do consumidor é uma chave para as empresas e um tema amplamente coberto pelos investigadores. O conhaque indsutry não recebe muita atenção da literatura, e o contexto da acutel está a tornar interessante o estudo. O objectivo deste estudo, é analisar se existe uma influência da demografia e das dimensões culturais no comportamento dos consumidores de Cognac, em França. Relativamente à demografia, Idade e Salário são as duas variáveis independentes, relacionadas com a geração e o comportamento de compra. Para as dimensões culturais, Masculinidade e Restrição têm sido utilizadas de obras de Hofstede. O comportamento do consumidor é dividido em quatro partes de acordo com a mistura de marketing: Preço, Local, Promoção, Produto. Estudo. Através deste estudo, verificou-se que a Idade está a influenciar negativamente a escolha de locais de consumo premium, tal como a restrição da dimensão cultural. O salário neste estudo não teve qualquer impacto sobre o comportamento de compra dos consumidores. Em relação à Masculinidade, é interessante afirmar que os inquiridos mais masculinos estão dispostos a pagar mais por um cocktail com Cognac. O objectivo deste estudo é abrir uma parte da literatura onde existe uma lacuna entre o Consumo de Cognac e os consumidores franceses

James W. Chappel to Sir, 12 December 1963

Personal correspondenc