Acute Postoperative Pain of Indonesian Patients After Abdominal Surgery

Background: Pain is the most common problem found in postoperative patients.Purpose: The study aimed to describe pain intensity and pain distress at the first 24-48 hours experienced by the patients after abdominal surgery.Method: The study employed a descriptive research design. The samples consisted of 40 adult patients older than 18 years who underwent major abdominal surgery under general anesthesia. The patients were admitted at Doctor Kariadi Hospital Semarang, Central Java Province Indonesia during November 2011 to February 2012. A Visual Numeric Rating Scale was used to measure the pain intensity scores and the pain distress scores at the 5th hour after subjects received 30 mg of Ketorolac injection intravenously, a major analgesic drug being used at the studied hospital. Minimum-maximum scores, mean, standard deviation, median and interquartile range were used to describe pain intensity and pain distress.Result: The findings revealed that on average, postoperative patients had experienced moderate to severe pain, both in their report of pain intensity and pain distress as evidenced by the range of scores from 4 to 9 out of 10 and median score of 5 and 6 (IQR = 2), respectively. It indicated that postoperative pain was common symptom found in patients after abdominal surgery

Penurunan Tekanan Darah pada Pasien Hipertensi Berbasis Terapi Pijat Refleksi Kaki

Hypertension or high blood pressure is a vascular disorder that results in the supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood to the tissues of the body is inhibited. Hypertension is a major cause of heart failure, stroke, kidney failure. About 20% of the adult population has hypertension, over 90% of them suffer from primary hypertension. Several factors can cause hypertension are lifestyle with the wrong diet, gender, physical exercise, food, stimulants (substances that speed up the body's functions) as well as stress. A wide variety of relaxation techniques already developed one of which is to provide therapeutic foot reflexology.The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of foot reflexology massage therapy on blood pressure in hypertensive patients in Semarang. The design used in this research is the "Quasi-experimental design in two groups using a foot reflexology massage therapy in intervention group. The number of samples in this study is adult patients with primary hypertension were male sex as many as 11 patients each group.Based on the test results of pair t-test showed that there were significant differences in systolic blood pressure, diastolic and MAP on the treatment before and after administration of therapeutic foot reflexology for 30 minutes (p value = 0:00). The hipothesis test betwen two groups using independent t-test showed that there was significant differences in systolik, diastolic and MAP blood pressure betwen intervention and control group (p value = 0:00). This study recommended to patients and families, especially in the treatment of hypertensive patients in the home to prevent the complications of hypertension. Keywords ; hypertension, foot reflexology massage, blood pressur

Does Foot Massage Relieve Acute Postoperative Pain? a Literature Review

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the current state of knowledge regarding foot massageto determine if foot massage has an effect on relieving acute postoperative pain.Method: The following questions were used to guide this review: How does pain occur?What is the pain management modalities used in relieving acute postoperative pain? Does footmassage relieve acute postoperative pain? A comprehensive systematic search of publishedliterature and journal articles from Science Direct, CINAHL, PubMed, ProQuest and fromrelevant textbooks was conducted. The universal case entry website, Google-scholar was usedas well. The following keywords were used: foot massage, pain management, andpostoperative pain. Eight studies on foot massage and more than thirty related articles werereviewed.Result: Postoperative pain is caused by tissue damage that induces release of chemicalmediators from the surgical wound. The four processes of pain are transduction, transmission,perception and modulation. Pain medication is the goal standard for acute postoperative painrelief. In addition, foot massage is a modality that can be used in relieving acute postoperativepain. Massage stimulates large nerve fibers and dermatome layers which contain tactile andpressure receptors. The receptors subsequently transmit the nerve impulse to the centralnervous system. The gate control system in the dorsal horn is activated through the inhibitoryinterneuron, thus closing the gate. Subsequently, the brain does not receive the pain message.Eight reviewed studies demonstrated that foot massage relieves acute postoperative pain.However, there were some methodological limitations of these studies.Conclusion: It is recommended to examine the effect of foot massage on acute postoperativepain with high homogenous samples using various duration of massage and range of time forpain measurement at different settings

Effect of Goat Milk Yogurt for Prevention Hypercholesterolamic in Animal Model Rat (Rattus norvegius) Based on the Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (INOS) and a description of Liver Histopathology

The pattern of high consumption of fat can lead to hypercholesterolemia were accompanied by increased levels of LDL which resulted in LDL oxidation, accompanied by an inflammatory reaction that can lead to liver tissue damage resulting in increased expression of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (INOS) and changes in liver histopathology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of goat milk yogurt supplementation on the expression of INOS and liver histopathology picture. This study used 20 male rats, Wistar strain aged 10-12 weeks, weighing 150-200g. Giving goat milk yogurt for 42 days with a dose of 300mg/kg, 600mg/kg, and 900mg/kg and giving dietary hypercholesterolemia by administering poached quail egg yolk, lard, and cholic acid by the stomach sonde for 14 days. Parameters measured were the expression of INOS and liver histopathology picture. The analysis used in this study is the One Way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test 5%. The results showed that administration of goat milk yogurt as a precaution hypercholesterolemia at a dose of 300mg/kg, 600mg/kg and 900mg/kg give a highly significant effect (p <0.01) on the expression of INOS (p <0.01).The overall Result of each treatment were 0.47 ±0.03; 6.72 ± 0.11; 2.40 ±0.16;1.11 ±0.07and 0.66 ±0.19  Prevention with a dose of 900 mg/kg body weight is the most effective dose inhibits the expression of INOS.  Prevention with a dose of 900 mg/kg showed that the histopathological picture of approaching normal circumstances. The conclusion of the study is the provision of goat milk yogurt as a preventive action with a dose of 900 mg/kg of the most effective to inhibit the expression of INOS and maintain normal liver histology in rats given diets hypercholesterolemia.Keywords: Hypercholesterolemia, Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (INOS), goat's milk yogurt, liver histopatholog

Studi Pemberian Ekstrak Rumput Laut Coklat (Sargassum Prismaticum) Terhadap Kadar Malondialdehid Dan Gambaran Histologi Jaringan Ginjal Pada Tikus (Rattus Norvegicus) Diabetes Melitus Tipe 1

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak rumput laut coklat (Sargassum prismaticum) terhadap kadar malondialdehid dan gambaran histologi jaringan ginjal tikus diabetes hasil induksi multiple low dose-streptozotocin (MLD-STZ) dengan dosis 20 mg/kgBB. Pada penelitian ini tikus putih dikelompokkan menjadi 6 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol tanpa terpapar MLD-STZ, kelompok diabetes melitus yang dipapar MLD-STZ, kelompok diabetes melitus yang dipapar MLD-STZ yang mendapat terapi ekstrak rumput laut coklat (Sargassum perismaticum) yang diberikan secara oral dengan variasi hari pemberian yaitu satu, tiga, lima dan tujuh hari. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengukuran kadar malondialdehid dengan menggunakan metode TBA (Thiobarbituric Acid) dengan pengukuran menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 530 nm, dan gambaran histologi menggunakan metode pewarnaan Hematoksilin-Eosin. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan kadar Malondialdehid berturut-turut berdasarkan pengelompokan perlakuan adalah 0,527; 0,93; 0,893; 0,803; 0,77 dan 0,676 µg/ml. Pemberian ekstrak rumput laut coklat dapat menurunkan profil malondialdehid pada ginjal tikus terapi dengan variasi hari 1, 3, 5 dan 7 berturut-turut adalah 3,98; 13,65; 17,2 dan 27,31%. Serta dapat memperbaiki histologi jaringan ginjal tikus diabetes melitus yang telah yang dipapar MLD-STZ yang mendapat terapi ekstrak rumput laut coklat (Sargassum prismaticum)

Pengaruh Pengobatan Herbal Spray Berbasis Bioaktif dari Spirulina (Spirulina SP.) terhadap Profil Protein Luka dan Histologi Pankreas Tikus (Rattus Norvegicus) Terpapar Multiple Low Dose Streptozotocin (Mld-stz)

This research aims to determine the effect of Spirulina sp. extracts in the form of spray on pancreatic tissue histology, and protein profiles of skin wound rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by Multiple Low Dose streptozotocin (MLD-STZ). The injection of MLD-STZ at a dose of 20 mg/kg BW causes Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type 1. In this study, rats were divided into 3 groups: negative control (no STZ induction), positive control (MLD-STZ-induced), and therapy group (MLD-STZ-induced and therapy). Therapy was given in the form of spray-based herbal bioactive Spirulina sp. with a dose of ± 200 μL right on rat wound 3 times/day during 2 weeks after being DM as a result of MLD-STZ induced. The method used for the analysis of protein is SDS-PAGE and pancreatic tissue histology using hematoxylin-eosin staining methods (HE). The results of the study showed that post-therapy causes the difference of protein band profiles of the three treatment groups, emergence a new protein band with a molecular weight of 93 kDa in skin wounds of diabetic rats, and this protein bands disappear in skin wound rats after treated by herbal spray of Spirulina sp.. In addition, results of histological pancreatic tissue diabetic group has reduction of pancreatic β cells and islet of Langerhans in the cavity width. As well, there is improvement in the therapy group of pancreatic histology

Pengaruh Zn2+ terhadap Aktivitas Xilanase Hasil Isolasi dari Trichoderma Viride dengan Metode Fermentasi Semi Padat

Xilanase merupakan enzim ekstraseluler hasil isolasi dari jamur Trichoderma viride yang mampu menghidrolisis xilan menjadi xilosa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan Zn2+ terhadap aktivitas xilanase. Pada penelitian ini digunakan serbuk kulit pisang sebagai induser untuk produksi enzim. Aktivitas xilanase ditentukan berdasarkan banyaknya gula pereduksi yang dihasilkan (xilosa) oleh 1 mL enzim per menit. Pengaruh Zn2+ terhadap aktivitas xilanase dilakukan dengan beberapa konsentrasi, yaitu 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 dan 50 mM. Analisa data menggunakan analisis ragam Pola Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas ekstrak kasar xilanase dengan penambahan ion Zn2+ 40 mM diperoleh sebesar 1,821 µgmL-1menit-1 dan Zn2+ berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap aktivitas xilanase (P&lt;0,01). Penambahan Zn2+ berfungsi sebagai aktivator untuk meningkatkan aktivitas xilanase. Nilai konstanta kinetika tanpa penambahan ion Zn2+ diperoleh Vm sebesar 5,32 µgmL-1menit-1 dan KM sebesar 8,05 %, sedangkan pada penambahan Zn2+ diperoleh Vm sebesar 6,80 µgmL-1menit-1 dan KM sebesar 2,87 %

Optimasi Amobilisasi Urease Dari Schizzosaccharomyces Pombe Menggunakan Matrik Ca-alginat

Urease immobilization is required to be used in repetition The enzyme hydrolize urea to be ammonia and carbondioxide. Urease was isolated from Schizzosaccharomyces pombe and was purified through precipitation by using ammonium sulphate at 30-45% saturation level, followed by dialysis. Urease was immobilized by entrapment method in a matrix of Ca-alginate. The study aimed to determine optimum concentration of Na-alginate and enzym concentration. In this research, Na-alginate concentration (1,5 ; 2 ; 2,5 ; 3 ; 3,5) % (w/v) and variation of urease concentration (0,840; 1,680; 2,520; 3,360; 4,200) mg/mL. Protein content was determined by Biuret reagen and enzyme activity was determined as the amount of mikromol amonia per minute, and resulted amonia was analyzed by Nessler method. The results showed that the optimum condition of immobilization urease is achieved on 3% Na-alginate solution and 2,52 mg/ml urease yielding in 2,52 mg of entrapped enzyme/gram Ca-alginate and the activity of 0,55 Units. Key words: activity, Ca-alginate, Schizzosaccharomyces pombe, urease

Penentuan Waktu Fermentasi Optimum Produksi Xilanase dari Trichoderma Viride Menggunakan Substrat Kulit Pisang dan Kulit Melon dengan Fermentasi Semi Padat

Trichoderma viride is a type of mold that most available in land and has several more advantages when compared with other types of soil fungi . This reseach is aimed to know optimum fermentation periode and type of optimum substrate in xylanase production from Trichoderma viride by semi solid fermentation. Optimum fermentation periode and type of optimum substrate determined by measure of enzyme activity and protein content in various fermentation times ( 0 , 12 , 24 , 36 , 48 , 60 , 72 . 84 , and 96 hours ) using melon peels and banana. Xylanase is type of enzyme that able to hydrolyze hemicellulose ( xylan ) into xylose . Determination of enzyme activity begins with a solution of pure xylan in 1 % concentration at pH 5 and a temperature of 60 ° C (optimum conditions). Determination of enzyme activity is determined by measure xilosa in enzimatis reaction with spectrofotometri methode and DNS regen. Protein content determined by spetrophotometry methode with biuret reagen. The results fermentation 60 hour showed optimum activity in the melon peel and banana peel, that is (20,16±8,17) unit dan (19,42±8,00) unit (P&lt;0,01) and protein content (16,86±8,23) mg/mL dan (16,88±4,32) mg/mL (P&lt;0,01)

Pengaruh Terapi Kurkumin terhadap Kadar Malondialdehid (Mda) Hasil Isolasi Parotis dan Profil Protein Tikus Putih yang Terpapar Lipopolisakarida (Lps)

Periodontitis merupakan penyakit mulut dan infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri anaerob gram negatif pada rongga mulut. Salah satu bakteri yang diduga sebagai penyebab periodontitis adalah Porphyromonas gingivalis. Merupakan bakteri gram negatif yang bersifat patogen karena membran terluar bakteri tersusun oleh LPS (Lipopolisakarida). LPS diketahui dapat memicu beberapa jenis reaksi peradangan atau infeksi (inflammatory) pada sel makrofag dan sel lainnya yang diikuti dengan terbentuknya radikal bebas. Kurkumin dapat digunakan sebagai terapi karena berfungsi sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh terapi kurkumin terhadap MDA dan profil protein pada tikus yang terpapar LPS. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga kelompok tikus yaitu kontrol, terpapar LPS secara intrasulkuler dan terapi kurkumin. Pengukuran kadar MDA menggunakan metode Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) dan profil protein menggunakan metode SDS-PAGE. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan paparan LPS mampu meningkatkan kadar MDA secara signifikan (p,0,01) dan juga terdapat beberapa pita protein yang hilang pada metode SDS-PAGE, sebaliknya pada terapi kurkumin kadar MDA memiliki pengaruh menurunkan kadar MDA dan munculnya pita protein yang rusak