Effects of search intent on eye-movement patterns in a change detection task

The goal of the present study was to examine whether intention type affects eye movement patterns in a change detection task In addition, we assessed whether the eye movement index could be used to identify human implicit intent. We attempted to generate three types of intent amongst the study participants, dividing them into one of three conditions; each condition received different information regarding an impending change to the visual stimuli. In the “navigational intent” condition, participants were asked to look for any interesting objects, and were not given any more information about the impending change. In the “low-specific intent” condition, participants were informed that a change would occur. In the “high-specific intent” condition, participants were told that a change would occur, and that an object would disappear. In addition to this main change detection task, participants also had to perform a primary task, in which they were required to name aloud the colors of objects in the pre-change scene. This allowed us to control for the visual searching process during the pre-change scene. The main results were as follows: firstly, the primary task successfully controlled for the visual search process during the pre-change scene, establishing that there were no differences in the patterns of eye movements across all three conditions despite differing intents. Secondly, we observed significantly different patterns of eye movement between the conditions in the post-change scene, suggesting that generating a specific intent for change detection yields a distinctive pattern of eye-movements. Finally, discriminant function analysis showed a reasonable classification rate for identifying a specific intent. Taken together, it was found that both participant intent and the specificity of information provided to the participants affect eye movements in a change detection task

Temperature-scaling behavior of the Hall conductivity for Hg-based superconducting thin films

The Hall conductivities of HgBa_{2}CaCu_{2}O_{6+\delta}and HgBa_{2}Ca_{2}Cu_{3}O_{8+\delta} thin films are investigated for a magnetic field parallel to the c axis. The mixed-state Hall conductivity for these compounds is well described by \sigma_{xy}=C_{1}/H+C_{2}+C_{3}H. The prefactor C_1 shows a temperature dependence of the form C_1 = A(1-t)^n near T_c, where t=T/T_c is the reduced temperature. Contrary to the previous results, C_2 also follows a temperature-scaling behavior similar to that of the coefficient C_1. The observed value of n = 1.8 - 2.3 is comparable to the previously observed values for YBa_{2}Cu_{3}O_{7-\delta} and La_{2-x}Sr_{x}CuO_{4}.Comment: 5 pages, 4 eps figure

Monolithic integration of AlGaInP-based red and InGaN-based green LEDs via adhesive bonding for multicolor emission

Abstract In general, to realize full color, inorganic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are diced from respective red-green-blue (RGB) wafers consisting of inorganic crystalline semiconductors. Although this conventional method can realize full color, it is limited when applied to microdisplays requiring high resolution. Designing a structure emitting various colors by integrating both AlGaInP-based and InGaN-based LEDs onto one substrate could be a solution to achieve full color with high resolution. Herein, we introduce adhesive bonding and a chemical wet etching process to monolithically integrate two materials with different bandgap energies for green and red light emission. We successfully transferred AlGaInP-based red LED film onto InGaN-based green LEDs without any cracks or void areas and then separated the green and red subpixel LEDs in a lateral direction; the dual color LEDs integrated by the bonding technique were tunable from the green to red color regions (530–630 nm) as intended. In addition, we studied vertically stacked subpixel LEDs by deeply analyzing their light absorption and the interaction between the top and bottom pixels to achieve ultra-high resolution

Effects of Dihydrophaseic Acid 3′-O-β-d-Glucopyranoside Isolated from Lycii radicis Cortex on Osteoblast Differentiation

Our previous study showed that ethanol extract of Lycii radicis cortex (LRC) prevented the loss of bone mineral density in ovariectomized mice by promoting the differentiation of osteoblast linage cells. Here, we performed fractionation and isolation of the bioactive compound(s) responsible for the bone formation–enhancing effect of LRC extract. A known sesquiterpene glucoside, (1′R,3′S,5′R,8′S,2Z,4E)-dihydrophaseic acid 3′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (abbreviated as DPA3G), was isolated from LRC extract and identified as a candidate constituent. We investigated the effects of DPA3G on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, which play fundamental roles in bone formation and bone resorption, respectively, during bone remodeling. The DPA3G fraction treatment in mesenchymal stem cell line C3H10T1/2 and preosteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 significantly enhanced cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity in both cell lines compared to the untreated control cells. Furthermore, DPA3G significantly increased mineralized nodule formation and the mRNA expression of osteoblastogenesis markers, Alpl, Runx2, and Bglap, in MC3T3-E1 cells. The DPA3G treatment, however, did not influence osteoclast differentiation in primary-cultured monocytes of mouse bone marrow. Because osteoblastic and osteoclastic precursor cells coexist in vivo, we tested the DPA3G effects under the co-culture condition of MC3T3-E1 cells and monocytes. Remarkably, DPA3G enhanced not only osteoblast differentiation of MC3T3-El cells but also osteoclast differentiation of monocytes, indicating that DPA3G plays a role in the maintenance of the normal bone remodeling balance. Our results suggest that DPA3G may be a good candidate for the treatment of osteoporosis

Antiviral Effects of Black Raspberry (Rubus coreanus) Seed and Its Gallic Acid against Influenza Virus Infection

Influenza is a serious public health concern worldwide, as it causes significant morbidity and mortality. The emergence of drug-resistant viral strains requires new approaches for the treatment of influenza. In this study, Rubus coreanus seed (RCS) that is left over from the production of wine or juice was found to show antiviral activities against influenza type A and B viruses. Using the time-of-addition plaque assay, viral replication was almost completely abolished by simultaneous treatment with the RCS fraction of less than a 1-kDa molecular weight (RCSF1). One of the polyphenols derived from RCSF1, gallic acid (GA), identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, showed inhibitory effects against both influenza type A and B viruses, albeit at relatively high concentrations. RCSF1 was bound to hemagglutinin protein, inhibited hemagglutination significantly and disrupted viral particles, whereas GA was found to only disrupt the viral particles by using transmission electron microscopy. In BALB/c mice infected with influenza virus, oral administration of RCSF1 significantly improved the survival rate and reduced the viral titers in the lungs. Our results demonstrate that RCSF1 and GA show potent and broad antiviral activity against influenza A and B type viruses and are promising sources of agents that target virus particles

Preventive Activity against Influenza (H1N1) Virus by Intranasally Delivered RNA-Hydrolyzing Antibody in Respiratory Epithelial Cells of Mice

The antiviral effect of a catalytic RNA-hydrolyzing antibody, 3D8 scFv, for intranasal administration against avian influenza virus (H1N1) was described. The recombinant 3D8 scFv protein prevented BALB/c mice against H1N1 influenza virus infection by degradation of the viral RNA genome through its intrinsic RNA-hydrolyzing activity. Intranasal administration of 3D8 scFv (50 μg/day) for five days prior to infection demonstrated an antiviral activity (70% survival) against H1N1 infection. The antiviral ability of 3D8 scFv to penetrate into epithelial cells from bronchial cavity via the respiratory mucosal layer was confirmed by immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, and histopathological examination. The antiviral activity of 3D8 scFv against H1N1 virus infection was not due to host immune cytokines or chemokines, but rather to direct antiviral RNA-hydrolyzing activity of 3D8 scFv against the viral RNA genome. Taken together, our results suggest that the RNase activity of 3D8 scFv, coupled with its ability to penetrate epithelial cells through the respiratory mucosal layer, directly prevents H1N1 virus infection in a mouse model system

The Effect of Lycii Radicis Cortex Extract on Bone Formation in Vitro and in Vivo

Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease caused by decreased bone mass; it enhances the risk of bone fracture. This study aimed to discover novel herbal extract(s) for the treatment of osteoporosis. We screened 64 ethanol extracts of edible plants native to Korea for their ability to increase the cellular proliferation and differentiation of two osteoblastic cell lines: C3H10T1/2 and MC3T3-E1. We selected a Lycii Radicis Cortex (LRC), Lycium Chinese root bark as the primary candidate. Treatment with LRC extract showed enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and increased expression of bone metabolic markers Alpl, Runx2, and Bglap genes in both osteoblastic cell lines. There was no effect on the osteoclastic differentiation of primary-cultured monocytes from the mouse bone marrows. Furthermore, the study examined the effect of LRC extract in vivo in ovariectomizd (OVX) mice for 8 weeks and 16 weeks, respectively. Bone mineral density (BMD) was significantly higher in LRC extract-administered group than in the non-LRC-administered OVX control group. The results indicated that LRC extract prevented the OVX-induced BMD loss in mice via promoting the differentiation of osteoblast linage cells. These results suggest that LRC extract may be a good natural herbal medicine candidate for the treatment of osteoporosis

Development of nanometer-thick graphite film extreme ultraviolet pellicle with hydrogen-resistant TiN capping layer

TiN has beneficial physicochemical properties, such as high hardness, good chemical inertness, and good corrosion resistance. TiN has been used for optical filters and protective coatings to exploit these properties. We deposited TiN using atomic layer deposition as a capping layer for a pellicle. We investigated the hydrogen plasma resistance using Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. As the hydrogen plasma exposure time increased, bonds formed between the TiN film and nitrogen compounds. With long-term exposure, the thickness of the TiN film decreased owing to etching