5,010 research outputs found

    The development of collaborative learning practices in an online language course

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    PhD ThesisThe success or failure of a course is, to a great extent, dependent on the level of motivation and commitment of the learners. Such motivation and commitment are, however, difficult to establish and maintain, especially in an on-line course. Social relations within a class, and the willingness of learners to collaborate with each other, have an important role to play, but the constraints of time and distance are obstacles to fostering such social relations among students enrolled in on-line courses. It is not easy to encourage students to be collaborative when they are accessing the course at different times, from different locations. This thesis, however, seeks to demonstrate that the variety and complexity of the technologies used to deliver an on-line learning experience can help to overcome these challenges. When introduced and used in appropriate ways, the software, internet tools, even the data collection program used for statistical analysis can actually encourage and enhance participants' motivation to interact and learn in collaborative ways. This thesis is concerned with an on-line course created and delivered by the researcher, the aim of which was to foster a collaborative learning environment in which participants felt confident enough to share their work with others, and to offer and receive comments on their assignments. The primary aim was therefore not the direct teaching and learning of language, but the fostering of an environment in which the students felt comfortable working with the technology and with each other, as a pre-requisite for the acquisition of language through content-based activities. The study did not dwell on the effects of collaboration on language development but focused, rather, on how individual students collaborate in an online, e-learning course, what forms this collaboration takes, and how the pattern of collaboration changes as the course progresses. This focus allowed the researcher to look at ways collaboration affected the persistence and retention challenges of on-line learning experience. The course was designed for students learning EFL at a university in Korea. It lasts one semester, and is delivered using a virtual learning environment (VLE) program developed by the university. The course consists of 15 units to be completed at the rate of one a week. Each unit focuses on a different topic and consists of a reading passage and a listening exercise. This is followed by some writing activities, including a weekly written report, and recording assignments. The researcher was the instructor for this course, and made special interventions using appropriate technology (sometimes e-mail, other times Skype to make it more personal) to encourage students to work in pairs, and in group discussions, and to post their work in the VLE so that others could read and comment on it. The current study reports on the experience of running the course with one group of 47 Korean university students. Data was gathered from the learnersโ€Ÿ journals, their assignments, feedback and comments posted on the web board, and emails to the instructor. The VLE also recorded statistics showing the studentsโ€Ÿ usage of the different components of the course, and how their use of these components changed and fluctuated as the course progressed. The results showed that in the process of completing the course the majority of the learners reported a strong sense of โ€œbelongingโ€ to a learning community, developing a close rapport with other learners by sharing their work, exchanging comments and taking part in discussions. Students felt proud of their work as well as of the process of working together with other learners. In particular, the results suggest that opportunities for social interaction and feedback play a crucial role in developing the emotional connection which helps to create a collaborative learning environment and support an effective learning community. The evidence suggests that the appropriate use of technology when delivering an on-line course may, in fact, encourage collaboration because of two phenomena that are not always evident in a traditional, place-based classroom. These are anonymity and reciprocity. Anonymity makes it easier for students to share their work and ideas because, if a contribution is embarrassing, it may have less negative effect than in a face-to-face exchange. Reciprocity refers to the natural inclination of a student, having learned from others in the VLE, to give something back to the community

    Numerical Sensitivity Tests of Volatile Organic Compounds Emission to PM2.5 Formation during Heat Wave Period in 2018 in Two Southeast Korean Cities

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    A record-breaking severe heat wave was recorded in southeast Korea from 11 July to 15 August 2018, and the numerical sensitivity simulations of volatile organic compound (VOC) to secondarily generated particulate matter with diameter of less than 2.5 mu m (PM2.5) concentrations were studied in the Busan and Ulsan metropolitan areas in southeast Korea. A weather research and forecasting (WRF) model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) was employed, and we carried out VOC emission sensitivity simulations to investigate variations in PM2.5 concentrations during the heat wave period that occurred from 11 July to 15 August 2018. In our study, when anthropogenic VOC emissions from the Comprehensive Regional Emissions Inventory for Atmospheric Transport Experiment-2015 (CREATE-2015) inventory were increased by approximately a factor of five in southeast Korea, a better agreement with observations of PM2.5 mass concentrations was simulated, implying an underestimation of anthropogenic VOC emissions over southeast Korea. The simulated secondary organic aerosol (SOA) fraction, in particular, showed greater dominance during high temperature periods such as 19-21 July, 2018, with the SOA fractions of 42.3% (in Busan) and 34.3% (in Ulsan) among a sub-total of seven inorganic and organic components. This is considerably higher than observed annual mean organic carbon (OC) fraction (28.4 +/- 4%) among seven components, indicating the enhancement of secondary organic aerosols induced by photochemical reactions during the heat wave period in both metropolitan areas. The PM2.5 to PM10 ratios were 0.69 and 0.74, on average, during the study period in the two cities. These were also significantly higher than the typical range in those cities, which was 0.5-0.6 in 2018. Our simulations implied that extremely high temperatures with no precipitation are significantly important to the secondary generation of PM2.5 with higher secondary organic aerosol fraction via photochemical reactions in southeastern Korean cities. Other possible relationships between anthropogenic VOC emissions and temperature during the heat wave episode are also discussed in this study

    Identification of parameter matrices using estimated FRF variation

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    This study presents an analytical method to predict the dynamic parameters of actual structure from measured FRF (Frequency Response Function) data. The inconsistency due to modeling errors between the actual structure and the finite element model exists. The number of measured data is less than the one of a full set of dofs and should be expanded to estimate the parameters. Considering that the stiffness and mass matrices are related with the real part of the expanded FRF data and the damping matrix with the imaginary part, the variation in the parameter matrices is evaluated. A numerical example evaluates the appropriateness of the proposed method

    Damage detection based on the internal force or deformation variation

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    The presence of damage in an intact structure leads to the change in internal force and deformation due to stiffness deterioration in the region of damage. This study proposes modelbased damage detection methods by deriving the mathematical formulation to describe such changes. The force and deformation variations between the undamaged and damaged systems are derived by minimizing the variation in dynamic strain energy with respect to the internal force and deformation vectors, respectively. They are expressed by the product of a coefficient matrix and the external force vector, and the product of a coefficient matrix and the displacement vector, respectively. Taking singular value decomposition (SVD) on the coefficient matrices of rank-deficiency, this study identifies the damaged elements as belonging to the set of elements whose internal forces or deformations between two adjacent nodes of finite element model are not changed. The validity of the proposed methods is illustrated in a simple application

    General and Tissue Specific Gene Regulation by the WNT Signaling Pathway in Drosophila.

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    Secreted proteins of the Wnt family act through a conserved signaling cascade to regulate gene expression. While many genes are regulated by this pathway in a cell-specific manner, some targets are ubiquitously activated. This thesis explores both modes of regulation by Wnt signaling using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster as a model. The naked cuticle (nkd) gene is activated by Wnt signaling in all tissues examined and encodes a feedback antagonist of the pathway. To learn more about its activation by Wg, we identified several cis-regulatory Wg response elements (WREs) in the nkd locus. These nkd-WREs, two from the upstream intergenic region and another from the first intron of the nkd gene, are named UpE1, UpE2 and IntE, respectively. When the three WREs are tested simultaneously in flies, they largely recapitulate the pattern of endogenous nkd in multiple tissues. The individual WREs show distinct but overlapping patterns in various tissues. These data suggest that nkd requires multiple tissue-specific WREs to fully respond to the Wg signal. The importance of the WREs was confirmed by generating flies with a deletion in these elements, which significantly reduces the expression of nkd in several tissues. To explore the mechanism of gene-specific regulation by Wnt signaling, I characterized two related nuclear proteins, Split ends (Spen) and Spenito (Nito). Spen was previously shown to be required for regulation of some Wnt targets but the role of Nito had not been explored. I found that simultaneous depletion of spen and nito by RNA interference resulted in a greater reduction in activation of some Wnt targets than knockdown of either gene alone. This suggests that Spen and Nito act redundantly in Wnt signaling. Even with simultaneous knockdown of spen and nito, several Wnt targets are still activated normally. Biochemical analysis in cultured cells indicates that Spen and Nito are not required for formation of the TCF-Armadillo complex that is known to activate target gene expression. These data indicate that Spen and Nito are gene-specific regulators of the pathway that act downstream of TCF-Armadillo.Ph.D.Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/60792/1/jhcz_2.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/60792/2/jhcz_1.pd

    The analysis of using motives in Jake Heggie's Opera Dead Man Walking

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์Œ์•…๋Œ€ํ•™ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ, 2021.8. ๋ฐ•๋ฏธํ˜œ.Abstract Hee-Jin Chang Department of Music The Graduate School Seoul National University Jake Heggie (1961โˆผ) is a composer who values โ€‹โ€‹opera lyricism and prefers tonal music. His work consists of accessible and realistic contents, and they contain lyrical lines as film music that are very approachable for 21st populace. Heggieโ€™s music also includes various harmony and unconstrained musical expression that it is very research valuable. His works include the contents that were dealt in previous Classical music such as love, hatred, loss, joy, sadness, salvation, revenge, and etc.. The opera Dead Man Walking is Heggieโ€™s first Opera based on the human story of the death row that premiered at the War Memorial Opera House with the production of San Francisco Opera on October 7, 2000. This Opera is a world hit with over 300 successes in North America and Europe including the productions in โ€˜Semperoperโ€™ in Dresden, โ€˜Theater an der Wienโ€™ in Vienna, and Malmรถ Opera in Sweden. Also, the theme of Opera deals with human life of the death-row convict. Heggie mentions that all things in the Opera need to be support the drama. However, before writing an Opera, Heggie considers the characters first and writes the appropriate music for the characters like melodic and rhythmic motives for the characters and let the music lead the drama. He used the motives as other composers like Wolfgang Amadeus Moart(1756โˆผ1791), Franz Schubert(1797โˆผ1828), Robert Schumann(1810โˆผ1856), Giacomo Puccini(1858โˆผ1924), and Richard Wagner(1813โˆผ1883). In addition, he loved the voice and used the vocal line as one of the instruments to complete the orchestra. So that, the text in the vocal line is cleary conveyed to the audience along with the orchestra. Heggie also used the variation of the motives and harmony that clearly stands out the characterโ€™s personality and circumstance. He uses the variation of the motives and piles them up to the other to form the climax. He made the music for the audience not only to focus on the music itself, but to concentrate on the solid characters and the moral philosophy. Again, these elements can be found in the motives and his composition. Besides Classical music, Heggie also like Blues, Jazz, Gospel, Pop, Rock and etc. and the librettist, Terrence McNally, the writer of the Opera, asked Heggie to include the characteristics of the above music like Jazz, Rock, and etc.. Helen Prejean, the writer and a nun who provided the main contents for the Opera, asked Heggie to compose a piece of music that could be hummed in shower. Because the modern Opera is formed with modernate tone that nobody understands and remembers. Heggie accepted all of these requests and composed the Opera Dead Man Walking based on Sister Prejean's real story. Opera Dead Man Walking is about the dealth-row criminal who killed two high school students. Along the criminalโ€™s life until his death in prison, Sister Helen Prejean guides and helps to get his redemption, and the Opera also contains the redemption for the parents who lost their children by the criminal. Heggie made the unity for the use of repeated motives that related to the conflicts, the journey, and the redemption. This dissertation is focused on the analysis of the motives that connects and expresses the redemption that Sister Helen Prejean requested to Heggie. In this Opera, there are four main motives and other minor motives representing the salvation, journey, conflict, and Joseph's name related to the main characters, Sister Prejean and the death penalty of Joseph. The four main motives are named by Jake Heggie and they are โ€˜Conflictโ€™ motive, โ€˜Journeyโ€™ motive, โ€˜He will gather us aroundโ€™ motive, and โ€˜Josephโ€™ motive. The minor motives are โ€˜Josephโ€™s motherโ€™ motive, โ€˜Parents of dead childrenโ€™ motive, โ€˜Say a prayerโ€™ motive, โ€˜Woman on the tierโ€™ motive, โ€˜Everything is gonna be alrightโ€™ motive, โ€˜Prisonโ€™ motive, and โ€˜Dead Man Walkingโ€™ motive. These minor motives are the real contents that Sister Helen Prejean actually experienced. This dissertation will focus on how those motives of Opera Dead Man Walking musically relate to the situation of drama and how they are connected to each other to express the theme of the drama.๊ตญ ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ ๋ก ์ œ์ดํฌ ํ—ค๊ธฐ(Jake Heggie, 1961โˆผ)๋Š” ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ์˜ ์„œ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์กฐ์„ฑ์Œ์•…์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์™€๋‹ฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ํ™” ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„œ์ •์ ์ธ ์„ ์œจ์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™”์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์Œ์•…์–ด๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ์€ ํ—ค๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฒซ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ, 2000๋…„ 10์›” 7์ผ์— ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ” ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ(San Francisco)์˜ ๊ธฐํš์œผ๋กœ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ธฐ๋… ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๊ทน์žฅ(War Memorial Opera House)์—์„œ ์ดˆ์—ฐ๋œ ํ›„ ๋“œ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ด์˜ ์ ฌํผ ์˜คํผ(Semperoper), ๋น„์—”๋‚˜์˜ ์•ˆ ๋ฐ์–ด ๋นˆ ๊ทน์žฅ(Theater an der Wien), ์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ๋ง๋ซผ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ(Malmรถ Opera) ๋“ฑ ๋ถ๋ฏธ์™€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ 300์—ฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๊ณต์—ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ธ ํ—ฌ๋ Œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ง„ ์ˆ˜๋…€(Helen Prejean, 1939โˆผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ถœ์ƒ)๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ํ•œ ์‚ฌํ˜•์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์•„์„œ ์“ด ๋…ผํ”ฝ์…˜ ์†Œ์„ค ใ€Ž๋ฐ๋“œ ๋งจ ์›Œํ‚นใ€์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ดํฌ ํ—ค๊ธฐ๋Š” โ€œ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทน์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์€ ๊ทน์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์„ ๋„์™€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ƒํ™ฉ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ™”์Œ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋“ค์ด ์Œ์•…์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ทน์„ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ค๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ณผํ”„๊ฐ• ์•„๋งˆ๋ฐ์šฐ์Šค ๋ชจ์ฐจ๋ฅดํŠธ(W. A. Mozart, 1756โˆผ1791), ํ”„๋ž€์ธ  ์Šˆ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ(Franz Schubert, 1797โˆผ1828), ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ์Šˆ๋งŒ(Robert Schumann, 1810โˆผ1856), ์ž์ฝ”๋ชจ ํ‘ธ์น˜๋‹ˆ(Giacomo Puccini, 1858โˆผ1924), ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋„ˆ(Richard Wagner, 1813โˆผ1883) ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์šด์šฉ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œ„์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž‘๊ณกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์„ฑ์•… ์„ ์œจ์ด ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์™„์„ฑํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์•…๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž‘๊ณก ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์„ฑ์•… ์„ ์œจ์˜ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ์ž˜ ์–ด์šฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ํ—ค๊ธฐ๋Š” ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์Œ์•…์  ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํฐ ์Œ์•…์˜ ํ‹€ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทน๊ณผ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๋ณ€์ฃผ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์•…๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทน ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์ฒฉํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํด๋ผ์ด๋งฅ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ—ค๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ฒญ์ค‘์ด ๊ทน์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ถฉ์‹คํžˆ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํด๋ž˜์‹ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์Šค์™€ ์žฌ์ฆˆ, ๊ฐ€์ŠคํŽ , ํŒ, ๋ก ์Œ์•… ๋“ฑ ๋Œ€์ค‘์Œ์•…์„ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ๋“ฃ๋˜ ํ—ค๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ณธ์„ ์ผ๋˜ ํ…Œ๋ Œ์Šค ๋งฅ๋‚ ๋ฆฌ(Terrence McNally, 1938โˆผ)์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ฆˆ์™€ ๋ก ์Œ์•… ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์Œ์•… ์žฅ๋ฅด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒญ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋”์šฑ ์นœ๊ทผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ง„ ์ˆ˜๋…€๋Š” ํ—ค๊ธฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ค‘์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ๋‚œํ•ดํ•œ ์„ ์œจ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์—ฌ๋Š ํ˜„๋Œ€์Œ์•…๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ทน์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™”์„ ๋•Œ ๊ด€๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ—ˆ๋ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ค๊ธฐ๋Š” ์œ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์š”์ฒญ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ์„ ์ž‘๊ณกํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ์€ ๋‘ ๋ช…์˜ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•œ ์กฐ์…‰ ๋“œ ๋กœ์‰๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ด์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํ˜• ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ—ฌ๋ Œ์˜ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ ์˜์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์›์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ์‚ดํ•ด๋œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์ด ํ’ˆ์€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์„ ์šฉ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ์ด๋‹ค. ํ—ค๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ง„ ์ˆ˜๋…€์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋งฅ๋‚ ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ณธ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Œ์•…์— ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ์— ๋งž๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทน์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ๊ตฌ์›, ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์ •์— ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๋ฉด์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ์— ํ†ต์ผ์„ฑ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์™€ ๊ทธ ์™ธ ๋ถ€์ฐจ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ์ธ ํ—ฌ๋ Œ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํ˜•์ˆ˜ ์กฐ์…‰์ด ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€๊ณผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜๊ฐˆ๋“ฑโ€™ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ(โ€˜Conflictโ€™ motive), ์‚ด์ธ์ž ์กฐ์…‰์„ ๊ตฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ •์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜์—ฌ์ •โ€™ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ(โ€˜Journeyโ€™ motive), ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ํ—ฌ๋ Œ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋„์ธ โ€˜ํ—ฌ๋ Œโ€™ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ(โ€˜He will gather us aroundโ€™ motive), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์กฐ์…‰์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” โ€˜์กฐ์…‰โ€™ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ(โ€˜Josephโ€™ motive)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์™ธ์˜ ๋ถ€์ฐจ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋กœ๋Š” ์กฐ์…‰์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์„ ํˆฌ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜์กฐ์…‰ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆโ€™ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ, ์‚ดํ•ด๋œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์–ต์šธํ•จ์„ ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜์‚ดํ•ด๋œ ์•„์ด๋“คโ€™ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ, ๊ตํ†ต๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ๊ต๋„์†Œ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์Œ ์•ž์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋„์™€๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋Š” โ€˜๊ธฐ๋„์š”์ฒญโ€™ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ(โ€˜Say a prayerโ€™ motive), ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ์ด๋ฅธ ํ—ฌ๋ Œ์˜ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ์ฆํญ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” โ€˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ์žโ€™ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ(โ€˜Woman on the tierโ€™ motive), ์กฐ์…‰์ด ๋‚ด๋ฉด์—์„œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์œ„๋กœํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜๋‹ค ์ž˜ ๋  ๊ฑฐ์•ผโ€™ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ(โ€˜Everything is gonna be alrightโ€™ motive), ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜๊ฐ์˜ฅโ€™ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ, ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ์˜ ์ œ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์กฐ์…‰์˜ ์‚ฌํ˜•์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” โ€˜๋ฐ๋“œ ๋งจ ์›Œํ‚นโ€™ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ(โ€˜Dead man walkingโ€™ motive) ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ์˜ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทน์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€์ฃผ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทน์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ์™€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ ๋ก  1 โ…ก. ๋ณธ ๋ก  5 1. ์ œ์ดํฌ ํ—ค๊ธฐ(Jake Heggie) 5 1) ์ œ์ดํฌ ํ—ค๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒ์•  5 2) ์ œ์ดํฌ ํ—ค๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž‘๋“ค 9 (1) ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 9 (2) ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž‘๋“ค 10 2. ๋Œ€๋ณธ๊ฐ€ ํ…Œ๋ Œ์Šค ๋งฅ๋‚ ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ํ—ฌ๋ Œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ง„ ์ˆ˜๋…€ 12 1) ๋Œ€๋ณธ๊ฐ€ ํ…Œ๋ Œ์Šค ๋งฅ๋‚ ๋ฆฌ(Terrence McNally) 12 2) ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ํ—ฌ๋ Œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ง„ ์ˆ˜๋…€(Sister Helen Prejean) 14 3. ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ <๋ฐ๋“œ ๋งจ ์›Œํ‚น>์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 15 4. ํ—ค๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹ 18 5. ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ <๋ฐ๋“œ ๋งจ ์›Œํ‚น>์˜ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์†Œ๊ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋ถ„์„ 23 1) '๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ' ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ('Conflict' motive) 41 2) '์—ฌ์ •' ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ('Journey' motive) 72 3) 'ํ—ฌ๋ Œ' ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ('He will gather us around' motive) 100 4) '์กฐ์…‰' ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ('Joseph' motive) 142 6. ๋ถ€์ฐจ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€์ฃผ ๋ถ„์„ 176 1) '์กฐ์…‰ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ' ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ 177 2) '์‚ดํ•ด๋œ ์•„์ด๋“ค' ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ 187 3) '๊ธฐ๋„์š”์ฒญ' ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ('Say a prayer' motive) 192 4) '์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ž' ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ('Woman on the tier' motive) 198 5) '๋‹ค ์ž˜ ๋  ๊ฑฐ์•ผ' ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ('Everything is gonna be alright' motive) 202 6) '๊ฐ์˜ฅ' ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ 204 7) '๋ฐ๋“œ ๋งจ ์›Œํ‚น' ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ('Dead man walking' motive) 208 7. ์ธ์šฉ 216 1) ์—˜๋น„์Šค ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ฆฌ ์Œ์•… ์ธ์šฉ 216 2) ์ฐฌ์†ก๊ฐ€ ์ธ์šฉ 221 3) ์ƒ์ผ ์ถ•ํ•˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ์ธ์šฉ 224 โ…ข. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  227 โ…ฃ. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 234 ๋ถ€๋ก 239 Abstract 252๋ฐ•

    Epidemiological Aspects of Exotic Malaria and Dengue Fever in Travelers in Korea

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    In order to compare the epidemiological aspects of exotic malaria (EM) and dengue fever (DF) imported by travelers in Korea, we have analyzed the current state both of the disease incidence and related risk factors. A total of 345 cases of EM occurred between 2001 and 2008 in Korea, and the average incidence rate per 100,000 population was 0.091. A total of 252 of DF cases occurred during the same period, and its rate was 0.063. While most of the EM and DF prevalence occurred in summer, prevalence in spring and winter was more prominent for EM (P < 0.05 ~ P < 0.01), while outbreaks in summer were more frequent for DF (P < 0.01). In Korea, more males were infected with EM and DF than females (P < 0.01). The remarkable difference between gender distributions in Korea is believed to reflect cultural differences in terms of work and travel. In both diseases, the manhood age bracket (20 - 39 years old) is possible due to increased oversea activities and travel. Moreover, reported EM cases in several prefectures in the regions of Asia and Africa were widely spread by the appropriate vector of mosquitoes, while the vectors of DF in the region of Asia are limited

    Transplantation of Adipose Derived Stromal Cells into the Developing Mouse Eye

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    Adipose derived stromal cells (ADSCs) were transplanted into a developing mouse eye to investigate the influence of a developing host micro environment on integration and differentiation. Green fluorescent protein-expressing ADSCs were transplanted by intraocular injections. The age of the mouse was in the range of 1 to 10 days postnatal (PN). Survival dates ranged from 7 to 28 post transplantation (DPT), at which time immunohistochemistry was performed. The transplanted ADSCs displayed some morphological differentiations in the host eye. Some cells expressed microtubule associated protein 2 (marker for mature neuron), or glial fibrillary acid protein (marker for glial cell). In addition, some cells integrated into the ganglion cell layer. The integration and differentiation of the transplanted ADSCs in the 5 and 10 PN 7 DPT were better than in the host eye the other age ranges. This study was aimed at demonstrating how the age of host micro environment would influence the differentiation and integration of the transplanted ADSCs. However, it was found that the integration and differentiation into the developing retina were very limited when compared with other stem cells, such as murine brain progenitor cell
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