Environmental context of endophyte symbioses: Interacting effects of water stress and insect herbivory

Symbiotic associations between grasses and fungal endophytes are generally regarded as mutualistic, yet benefits to host plants may vary with environmental context. Previous studies have emphasized how endophytes influence plant responses to single stressors. In contrast, the outcome of endophyte-grass interactions under simultaneous biotic and abiotic stresses remains poorly explored. We hypothesized that benefits from endophyte symbiosis become most apparent in "complex" environments where hosts experience multiple stresses. We evaluated the performance of endophyte-infected (E+) vs. endophyte-uninfected (E-) Lolium multiflorum plants in a factorial experiment with water supply (control vs. drought) and insect herbivory (with aphids vs. without aphids). Endophyte infection delayed tiller production in well-watered plants, while water stress reduced tillering in E- plants. Endophyte mediation of herbivory tolerance was contingent on water supply. Whereas aphid herbivory was detrimental to E+ plants in well-watered soils, aphids interacted with drought stress in decreasing the reproductive output of E- but not E+ plants. Moreover, endophyte presence decreased aphid densities on drought-stressed plants only. Thus, endophyte symbiosis enhanced host tolerance to overlapping biotic and abiotic stresses, although infected plants failed to outgrow their uninfected counterparts. These results support the view that mutualistic endophyte effects may not arise in low-stress environments. © 2011 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.Fil: Miranda, M. Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Omacini, Marina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Chaneton, Enrique Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentin

Grazing-induced changes in plant composition affect litter quality and nutrient cycling in Flooding Pampa grasslands

Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio Ecotono; Argentina.Fil: Semmartin, María. Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA). Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA); Argentina.Fil: Chaneton, Enrique J. Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA). Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA); Argentina.Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Argentina.Fil: Semmartin, María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Argentina.Fil: Chaneton, Enrique J. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Argentina.Changes in plant community composition induced by vertebrate grazers have been found to either accelerate or slow C and nutrient cycling in soil. This variation may reflect the differential effects of grazing-promoted (G+) plant species on overall litter quality and decomposition processes. Further, site conditions associated with prior grazing history are expected to influence litter decay and nutrient turnover. We studied how grazing-induced changes in plant life forms and species identity modified the quality of litter inputs to soil, decomposition rate and nutrient release in a flooding Pampa grassland, Argentina. Litter from G+ forbs and grasses (two species each) and grazing-reduced (G-) grasses (two species) was incubated in long-term grazed and ungrazed sites. G+ species, overall, showed higher rates of decomposition and N and P release from litter. However, this pattern was primarily driven by the low-growing, high litter-quality forbs included among G+ species. Forbs decomposed and released nutrients faster than either G+ or G- grasses. While no consistent differences between G+ and G- grasses were observed, patterns of grass litter decay and nutrient release corresponded with interspecific differences in phenology and photosynthetic pathway. Litter decomposition, N release and soil N availability were higher in the grazed site, irrespective of species litter type. Our results contradict the notion that grazing, by reducing more palatable species and promoting less palatable ones, should decrease nutrient cycling from litter. Plant tissue quality and palatability may not unequivocally link patterns of grazing resistance and litter decomposability within a community, especially where grazing causes major shifts in life form composition. Thus, plant functional groups defined by species' "responses" to grazing may only partially overlap with functional groups based on species "effects" on C and nutrient cycling

Grazing history effects on above-and below-ground litter decomposition and nutrient cycling in two co-occurring grasses

Fil: Semmartin, María. Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA). Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA); Argentina.Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio Ecotono; Argentina.Fil: Chaneton, Enrique J. Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA). Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA); Argentina.Fil: Chaneton, Enrique J. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Argentina.Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Semmartin, María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Argentina.Large herbivores may alter carbon and nutrient cycling in soil by changing above- and below-ground litter decomposition dynamics. Grazing effects may reflect changes in plant allocation patterns, and thus litter quality, or the site conditions for decomposition, but the relative roles of these broad mechanisms have rarely been tested. We examined plant and soil mediated effects of grazing history on litter mass loss and nutrient release in two grazing-tolerant grasses, Lolium multiflorum and Paspalum dilatatum, in a humid pampa grassland, Argentina. Shoot and root litters produced in a common garden by conspecific plants collected from grazed and ungrazed sites were incubated under both grazing conditions. We found that grazing history effects on litter decomposition were stronger for shoot than for root material. Root mass loss was neither affected by litter origin nor incubation site, although roots from the grazed origin immobilised more nutrients. Plants from the grazed site produced shoots with higher cell soluble contents and lower lignin:N ratios. Grazing effects mediated by shoot litter origin depended on the species, and were less apparent than incubation site effects. Lolium shoots from the grazed site decomposed and released nutrients faster, whereas Paspalum shoots from the grazed site retained more nutrient than their respective counterparts from the ungrazed site. Such divergent, species-specific dynamics did not translate into consistent differences in soil mineral N beneath decomposing litters. Indeed, shoot mass loss and nutrient release were generally faster in the grazed grassland, where soil N availability was higher. Our results show that grazing influenced nutrient cycling by modifying litter breakdown within species as well as the soil environment for decomposition. They also indicate that grazing effects on decomposition are likely to involve aerial litter pools rather than the more recalcitrant root compartment

Nutrient supply and bird predation additively control insect herbivory and tree growth in two contrasting forest habitats

Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio Ecotono; Argentina.Fil: Kitzberger, Thomas. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche y INIBIOMA-oCONICET. Laboratorio Ecoton; Argentina.Fil: Mazía, Noemí C. Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA). Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina.Fil: Chaneton, Enrique J. Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA). Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA)-CONICET; Argentina.Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA). Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina.It has been suggested that bottom–up and top–down forces interactively control food web dynamics. While top–down effects would increase with resource availability to plants, bottom–up effects would be stronger under low predator abundance. These predictions, however, have rarely been tested at contrasting sites while keeping the dominant plant species unchanged. Furthermore, few studies have factorially manipulated both types of forces in forest communities. For two years, we evaluated the effects of fertiliser (NPK) addition and bird exclusion on tree growth, leaf traits, insect abundance, and folivory rates in a dry/warm and a wet/cold Nothofagus pumilio forest in Patagonia, Argentina. Overall, we found no interaction between nutrient supply and bird predation, although the strength of bottom–up and top–down forces differed markedly between forest sites. Treatment effects were generally weak in the wet forest, where tree growth rates and insect herbivory were low relative to the dry forest. In the dry forest, fertilisation increased sapling growth, insect abundance and folivory, whereas bird exclusion increased leaf damage and reduced tree growth. In the wet forest, fertilisation enhanced leaf nutrient contents and folivore abundance but not sapling growth, while bird exclusion had little impact on insects or trees. These results imply that factors other than nutrients and birds were important in controlling tree growth and folivore activity in the wet forest. While treatment effect sizes varied widely among feeding guilds, in general, nutrient effects on folivores were stronger than predator effects. We conclude that, within the time‐frame of this study, tree growth and herbivory were additively affected by soil nutrients and predator presence, as bird exclusion effects did not change with elevated folivore activity on fertilised trees. We also show that both top–down and bottom–up cascades were weaker in a forest site characterised by slow‐growing juvenile trees subjected to low folivore pressure

Variable strength of top‐down effects in Nothofagus forests: bird predation and insect herbivory during an ENSO event

Fil: Mazía, Noemí C. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina.Fil: Chaneton, Enrique J. Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA). Facultad de Agronomía. IFEVA- CONICET; Argentina.Fil: Kitzberger, Thomas. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio Ecotono-CONICET; Argentina.Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio Ecotono; Argentina.Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina.Predators are thought to play a key role in controlling herbivory, thus having positive indirect effects on plants. However, evidence for terrestrial trophic cascades is still fragmentary, perhaps due to variation in top-down forces created by environmental heterogeneity. We examined the magnitude of predation effects on foliar damage by chewing insects and mean leaf size, by excluding birds from saplings in ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ Nothofagus pumilio forests in the northern Patagonian Andes, Argentina.The experiment lasted 2 years encompassing a severe drought during the La Niña phase of a strong El Niño/Southern Oscillation event, which was followed by unusually high background folivory levels. Insect damage was consistently higher in wet than in dry forest saplings. In the drought year (1999), bird exclusion increased folivory rates in both forests but did not affect tree leaf size. In the ensuing season (2000), leaf damage was generally twice as high as in the drought year. As a result, bird exclusion not only increased the extent of folivory but also significantly decreased sapling leaf size.The latter effect was stronger in the wet forest, suggesting compensation of leaf area loss by dry forest saplings. Overall, the magnitude of predator indirect effects depended on the response variable measured. Insectivorous birds were more effective at reducing folivory than at facilitating leaf area growth. Our results indicate that bird-initiated trophic cascades protect N. pumilio saplings from insect damage even during years with above-normal herbivory, and also support the view that large-scale climatic events influence the strength of trophic cascades

Impacto de la deposición de ceniza volcánica sobre la productividad foliar y la herbivoría por insectos en bosques deciduos del norte de la Patagonia

Volcanism has been a major force shaping the dynamics of Andean landscapes during the Holocene. Yet we still know little about the consequences of modern volcanic events on forest functioning. Ash fall may elicit multiple direct and indirect effects on key ecosystem attributes, with disturbance severity likely varying with distance to the crater. We examined the impact of ash deposition on foliage productivity and insect herbivory after the 2011 eruption of the Volcán Puyehue-Cordón Caulle system, in Nothofagus pumilio forests of northern Patagonia, Argentina. Tree leaf litterfall, a surrogate for annual foliar production, was measured before and after the event in wet and dry forest sites, which were located 22 km and 80 km east from the crater and were affected by mass deposition of coarse- and fine-grained tephra, respectively. Leaf damage by insects was monitored over a 10-year span (2004-2013) including the volcanic event. Foliar productivity in 2012 dropped by 60% in the wet forest, but did not change in the dry forest. Leaf area damaged by insects decreased abruptly in 2012, with post-eruption herbivory levels falling outside the range of annual variation recorded before the event. The impact was most severe in the dry forest wich normally supports the highest endemic herbivory. In contrast, leaf damage remained high in another dry forest located 98 km southeast from the crater and little affected by ashfall. Changes in foliar production and insect herbivory persisted for two years after the event. Our results show a widespread disruption of canopy-herbivore interactions in areas heavily affected by tephra. Remarkably, volcanic ash acted as a broad-spectrum insecticide on canopy herbivores. In the short-term, ashfall constrained the energy flow through the forest canopy and the arthropod consumer community, and thus temporarily overwhelmed previously existing differences in productivity and herbivory between wet and dry forest habitats.Impacto de la deposición de ceniza volcánica sobre la productividad foliar y la herbivoría por insectos en bosques deciduos del norte de la Patagonia: El vulcanismo ha moldeado la dinámica de los paisajes andinos durante todo el Holoceno. Sin embargo, aún se conoce poco sobre las consecuencias de eventos volcánicos modernos en el funcionamiento de los bosques nativos. La caída masiva de cenizas puede generar múltiples efectos directos e indirectos sobre procesos clave del ecosistema. Aquí evaluamos el impacto de la deposición de cenizas emitidas por la erupción del complejo Volcán Puyehue-Cordón Caulle en junio de 2011, sobre la productividad foliar y la herbivoría por insectos del dosel en bosques de Nothofagus pumilio del norte de la Patagonia Argentina. La producción de hojas fue medida antes y después de la erupción, en bosques húmedos y secos situados a 22 y 80 km del volcán y afectados por la caída de pumicita gruesa y fina, respectivamente. El área foliar dañada por insectos fue monitoreada durante 10 años (2004-2013), incluyendo al evento volcánico. La productividad foliar en 2012 cayó un 60% en el bosque húmedo pero no cambió en el bosque seco. El daño foliar se redujo abruptamente en 2012; los niveles de herbivoría post-erupción cayeron por debajo del rango de variación interanual registrado antes de la erupción. El impacto fue más severo en el bosque seco, donde los niveles endémicos de herbivoría son más elevados. En cambio, la herbivoría se mantuvo elevada en otro bosque seco localizado a 98 km del cráter y que recibió pocas cenizas. Los cambios en productividad y herbivoría persistieron por dos años después del evento. Estos resultados muestran una fuerte disrupción de las interacciones planta-herbívoro en áreas boscosas afectadas por la erupción volcánica. Las cenizas actuaron como un biocida de amplio espectro sobre los insectos defoliadores. En el corto plazo, la deposición de cenizas limitó el flujo de energía a través del dosel arbóreo y hacia los consumidores artrópodos.Fil: Chaneton, Enrique Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas A la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Mazía, Noemí. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Chaij, Jaquelina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Kitzberger, Thomas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentin

Volcanic ash deposition modulates leaf-litter decomposition in Nothofagus dombeyi forests of NW Patagonia

Los disturbios generados por erupciones volcánicas son parte de la dinámica natural de los ecosistemas. La formación de suelo y el reciclado de nutrientes dependen de la descomposición tanto de la materia orgánica enterrada bajo las cenizas, como de la broza vegetal aportada luego del disturbio. Este trabajo examinó la descomposición de hojarasca en bosques de coihue (Nothofagus dombeyi) afectados por la deposición de cenizas emitidas en 2011 por el complejo Volcán Puyehue-Cordón Caulle en la Patagonia. El estudio incluyó dos sitios a diferentes distancias del volcán, con distinta cantidad de cenizas y precipitación anual (1600?1900 mm/año). En cada sitio se marcaron dos parcelas, una con presencia y otra con ausencia de pastoreo de vacunos (>50 años). En cada parcela se determinó la pérdida de masa de hojarasca de coihue luego de un año de incubación, en tres posiciones (n=8 bloques/parcela): sobre suelo bajo cenizas, sobre suelo sin cenizas y sobre las cenizas. La hojarasca bajo cenizas se descompuso un 74% más rápido en el sitio más húmedo que en el más seco. La descomposición fue más lenta sobre la capa de cenizas que sobre el suelo orgánico, y ese efecto fue más evidente en el sitio más cercano al volcán, que en el más alejado (19% vs. 9%). La descomposición sobre el suelo fue equivalente en los tratamientos con y sin la capa superficial de cenizas. La descomposición fue menor en parcelas con vs. sin pastoreo, pero la influencia de pastoreo no modificó las diferencias de descomposición entre posiciones sobre cenizas vs. sobre el suelo. Los resultados muestran que la comunidad de descomponedores se mantiene activa en suelos de bosques con deposición de cenizas, lo que contribuiría a mantener el suministro de nutrientes para la vegetación luego de la erupción volcánica.Disturbances produced by volcanic eruptions are part of natural ecosystem dynamics. Soil formation and nutrient cycling depend on the decomposition both of organic matter buried under the ashes and on the litter produced after the disturbance. Here we evaluated leaf litter decomposition in Nothofagus dombeyi (coihue) forests affected by massive ash deposition from the 2011 eruption of the Volcán Puyehue-Cordón Caulle complex in NW Patagonia, Argentina. The study comprised two sites at different distances from the volcano, with different amounts of ash and annual precipitation (1600-1900 mm/year). In each site, two plots were delimited, with and without long-term livestock grazing (>50 years). N. dombeyi litter mass loss after one year was estimated in three positions (n = 8 blocks/plot): on organic soil and under the ash layer, on organic soil after removal of ashes, and on top of the ash layer. Leaf litter beneath the ash layer was decomposed 74% faster in the wetter site than in the drier site. Decomposition was generally slower onto the ash layer surface than on the organic soil, and this effect was stronger in the wetter site near the volcano than in the driest and farthest site (19% vs. 9%). Litter decomposition on the soil layer was equivalent to treatments with or without the ash surface. Decomposition was slower in livestock-occupied plots than in livestock-free plots, but livestock history did not affect litter decomposition of ash topped soil vs. lower soil organic layers. Our results show that decomposer communities remain active in forest soils under ash-fall layers, thus maintaining nutrient supply to vegetation after volcanic eruptions.Fil: Piazza, María Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Kitzberger, Thomas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Chaneton, Enrique Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentin

Impactos ecológicos del ganado extensivo en bosques de coihue

Este proyecto investigó algunos de los impactos asociados con la presencia histórica de ganado bovino en bosques nativos de coihue (Nothofagus dombeyi) del norte de la Patagonia Andina. Para ello se compararon sitios apareados que fueron ocupados por ganado o permanecieron libres de ganado por más de 50 años, a lo largo de un gradiente regional de humedad. La cobertura del sotobosque fue reducida a la mitad en presencia de ganado extensivo, mientras que la composición de especies se diferenció un 60-90% entre sitios con y sin ganado. Los cambios florísticos más notables se observaron en el extremo más húmedo del gradiente. La presencia de ganado alteró las condiciones microambientales; aumentó la radiación solar que atravesó el sotobosque y la densidad aparente del suelo, mientras que redujo la actividad microbiana. Además, el pastoreo retardó la descomposición y el reciclado de nitrógeno de la hojarasca del sotobosque. Estos cambios reflejaron el impacto selectivo del ganado en la composición y diversidad de especies, lo que determinó una reducción de la calidad de la hojarasca disponible para la biota del suelo. En conclusión, la presencia de ganado extensivo reduce la biodiversidad estructural y florística del bosque, lo cual tiene consecuencias importantes para el funcionamiento del ecosistema.The present study assessed the impacts generated by the long-term presence of domestic cattle in native evergreen forests (Nothofagus dombeyi) of the northern Patagonian Andes, Argentina. We compared paired sites that were historically used by or remained free of livestock for more than 50 years along a regional moisture gradient. Understory plant cover was reduced by livestock to half the cover in control sites, while species composition differed by 60-90% between browsed and unbrowsed forests. Floristic change was greatest towards the moister end of the regional gradient. Micro-environmental conditions were also altered; livestock presence increased sunlight penetration through the understory, led to greater soil compaction, and reduced soil microbial activity. In addition, livestock herbivory decelerated decomposition and nitrogen turnover in the litter produced by understory species. These changes reflected the selective impact of cattle browsing on understory species composition and diversity, and a concomitant decrease in the quality of leaf litter available to soil biota. We conclude that livestock disturbance reduces forest structural and floristic biodiversity, and has significant consequences on ecosystem functioning.Fil: Piazza, María Victoria. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Andina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Kitzberger, Thomas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Chaneton, Enrique Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentin

Global change effects on plant communities are magnified by time and the number of global change factors imposed

Komatsu, Kimberly J. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater. United States.Avolio, Meghan L. Johns Hopkins University. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences. Baltimore, United States.Lemoine, Nathan P. Marquette University. Department of Biological Sciences. Milwaukee, United States.Chaneton, Enrique José. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA). Buenos Aires, Argentina.Chaneton, Enrique José. CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA). Buenos Aires, Argentina.Tognetti, Pedro Maximiliano. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA). Buenos Aires, Argentina.Tognetti, Pedro Maximiliano. CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA). Buenos Aires, Argentina.Yahdjian, María Laura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA). Buenos Aires, Argentina.Yahdjian, María Laura. CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA). Buenos Aires, Argentina.Isbell, Forest. University of Minnesota. Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior. Saint Paul, United States.Grman, Emily. Eastern Michigan University. Department of Biology. Ypsilanti, United States.17867–17873Global change drivers (GCDs) are expected to alter community structure and consequently, the services that ecosystems provide. Yet, few experimental investigations have examined effects of CDs on plant community structure across multiple ecosystem types, and those that do exist present conflicting patterns. In an unprecedented global synthesis of over 100 experiments that manipulated factors linked to GCDs, we show that herbaceous plant community responses depend on experimental manipulation length and number of factors manipulated. We found that plant communities are fairly resistant to experimentally manipulated GCDs in the short term ( minor to 10 y). In contrast, long-term (major or equal to 10 y) experiments show increasing community divergence of treatments from control conditions. Surprisingly, these community responses occurred with similar frequency across the GCD types manipulated in our database. However, community responses were more common when 3 or more GCDs were simultaneously manipulated, suggesting the emergence of additive or synergistic effects of multiple drivers, particularly over long time periods. In half of the cases, GCD manipulations caused a difference in community composition without a corresponding species richness difference, indicating that species reordering or replacement is an important mechanism of community responses to GCDs and should be given greater consideration when examining consequences of GCDs for the biodiversity–ecosystem function relationship. Human activities are currently driving unparalleled global changes worldwide. Our analyses provide the most comprehensive evidence to date that these human activities may have widespread impacts on plant community composition globally, which will increase in frequency over time and be greater in areas where communities face multiple GCDs simultaneously

Environmental heterogeneity modulates the effect of plant diversity on the spatial variability of grassland biomass

Plant productivity varies due to environmental heterogeneity, and theory suggests that plant diversity can reduce this variation. While there is strong evidence of diversity effects on temporal variability of productivity, whether this mechanism extends to variability across space remains elusive. Here we determine the relationship between plant diversity and spatial variability of productivity in 83 grasslands, and quantify the effect of experimentally increased spatial heterogeneity in environmental conditions on this relationship. We found that communities with higher plant species richness (alpha and gamma diversity) have lower spatial variability of productivity as reduced abundance of some species can be compensated for by increased abundance of other species. In contrast, high species dissimilarity among local communities (beta diversity) is positively associated with spatial variability of productivity, suggesting that changes in species composition can scale up to affect productivity. Experimentally increased spatial environmental heterogeneity weakens the effect of plant alpha and gamma diversity, and reveals that beta diversity can simultaneously decrease and increase spatial variability of productivity. Our findings unveil the generality of the diversity-stability theory across space, and suggest that reduced local diversity and biotic homogenization can affect the spatial reliability of key ecosystem functions.EEA Santa CruzFil: Daleo, Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC); Argentina.Fil: Alberti, Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC); Argentina.Fil: Chaneton, Enrique J. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina.Fil: Chaneton, Enrique J. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA); Argentina.Fil: Iribarne, Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC); Argentina.Fil: Tognetti, Pedro M. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina.Fil: Tognetti, Pedro M. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA); Argentina.Fil: Bakker, Jonathan D. University of Washington. School of Environmental and Forest Sciences; Estados UnidosFil: Borer, Elizabeth T. University of Minnesota. Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior; Estados UnidosFil: Bruschetti, Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC); Argentina.Fil: MacDougall, Andrew S. University of Guelph.Department of Integrative Biology; CanadáFil: Pascual, Jesús. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC); Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Hautier, Yann. Utrecht University. Department of Biology. Ecology and Biodiversity Group; Países Bajo