Plant Leaf Disease Detection Using Efficient Image Processing and Machine Learning Algorithms

India is often described as a country of villages, where a majority of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihood. The landscape of Indian agriculture is approximately 159.7 million hectares. Agriculture plays a pivotal role in India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), accounting for about 18% of the nation's economic output. Diseases and pests can have detrimental effects on crops, leading to reduced yields. These challenges can include the spread of plant diseases, infestations by insects or other pests, and the overall degradation of crop health. Early detection of diseases in crops is crucial for several reasons. Detecting diseases at an early stage allows for prompt intervention, such as applying appropriate pesticides or taking preventive measures. The main aim of this study is to develop a highly effective method for plant leaf disease detection using computer vision techniques. Here, leaf disease detection comprises histogram equalization, denoising, image color threshold masking, feature descriptors such as Haralick textures, Hu moments, and color histograms to extract the salient features of leaf images. These features are then used to classify the images by training Logistic Regression, Linear Discriminant Analysis, K-nearest neighbor, decision tree, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine algorithms using K-fold validation. K-fold validation is used to separate the validation samples from the training samples, and the K indicates the number of times this is repeated for the generalization. The training and validation processes are performed in two approaches. The first approach uses default hyperparameters with segmented and non-segmented images. In the second approach, all hyperparameters of the models are optimized to train segmented datasets. The classification accuracy improved by 2.19% by utilizing segmentation and hyperparameter tuning further improved by 0.48%. The highest average classification accuracy of 97.92% is achieved using the Random Forest classifier to classify 40 classes of 10 different plant species. Accurate detection of plant disease leads to the sustained growth of plants throughout the growing span of the plants

alpha-MoO3 nanoparticles: solution combustion synthesis, photocatalytic and electrochemical properties

Nanoparticles of ultra-porous MoO3 were synthesized in a single step by a solution combustion reaction using molybdenum metal powder as precursor for the first time. The effects of the preparation conditions, such as the temperature and precursor concentration, on the crystalline phase and morphology of the products were studied systematically. The analytical techniques SEM, TEM, PXRD, TGA, FTIR, and SAED were used to characterize the morphology, composition, and structure of the as-prepared products. The TEM images of MoO3 show the sizes of the particles to be in the range of 2-10 nm. Electrochemical characterization of MoO3 was carried out in 0.5 M H2SO4. The specific capacitance and electrochromic properties of MoO3 were studied. The high photocatalytic activity of MoO3 was investigated using methylene blue azo dye at various concentrations. MoO3 showed the ability to degrade 100% of methylene blue present at high concentrations of about 75 mg L-1

Nanostructural zinc oxide hollow spheres: A facile synthesis and catalytic properties

The development of reproducible procedures for the synthesis and organization of nanostructured metal oxides is important in order to exploit the unique properties of these materials for practical applications. The present work describes the transformation of Zn(NH3)4] 2+ into hollow structured ZnO materials through solvothermal decomposition. An increase in ammonia concentration in the reaction medium, significantly changes the morphology of ZnO from spheres made of nanoparticles (20-30 nm) to hollow spheres composed of nanorods (200-350 nm) or to free microrods as evidenced from scanning and transmission electron micrographs (SEM/TEM). The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of ZnO confirms formation of the wurtzite structure. Raman and Energy-dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) studies indicate the presence of oxygen deficiency in ZnO. The investigation on the catalytic behavior of ZnO in the synthesis of (4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl) methanone (MPPM) by Friedel-Crafts acylation of anisole with benzoyl chloride has also been carried out. The results reveal that the prepared ZnO could produce �98 of yield compared to 41 produced by commercial ZnO. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Surfactant free hydrothermally derived ZnO nanowires, nanorods, microrods and their characterization

ZnO nanowires, nanorods and microrods have been prepared by an organic-free hydrothermal process using ZnSO4 and NaOH/NH4OH solutions. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns reveal that the ZnO nano/microrods are of hexagonal wurtzite structure. The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum of ZnO powder shows only one significant spectroscopic band at around 417 cm-1 associated with the characteristic vibrational mode of Zn-O bonding. The thickness 75-300 nm for ZnO nanorods and 0.2-1.8 μm for microrods are identified from SEM/TEM images. UV-visible absorption spectra of ZnO nano/microrods show the blue shift. The UV band and green emission observed in photoluminescence (PL) spectra are due to free exciton emission and singly ionized oxygen vacancy in ZnO. Finally, the mechanism for organic-free hydrothermal synthesis of the ZnO nano/microrods is discussed. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma - A Case Report

15 year old male who presented with a 6 month history of nasal obstruction and recurrent nasal bleeding. He had had about ten episodes of epistaxis in the 3 months. Examination revealed that vital signs were essentially within normal limits.The nasal cavity revealed fresh blood in the right nasal cavity but the bleeding site could not be visualized. An impression of epistaxis secondary rhinosinusitis was made

Novel ethyl 2-(1-aminocyclobutyl)-5-(benzoyloxy)-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine-4-carboxylate derivatives: synthesis and anticancer activities

To explore the anticancer activity of 2, 4, 5, 6-substituted pyrimidines, several ethyl 2-(1-aminocyclobutyl)-5-(benzoyloxy)-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine-4-carboxylate derivatives associated with the different substituted aromatic/aliphatic carboxamides and sulfonamides were synthesized. Different groups and position on phenyl ring attached to the carboxamide and sulfonamide of the pyrimidine led to two set of compounds. Their chemical structures were confirmed by IR,1H NMR and LC/MS analysis. Cytotoxicity of all the synthesized compounds were examined on human leukemia celllines (K562 and CEM). The preliminary results showed most of the derivatives exhibited good antitumor activity. Compound with para chloro substitution among carboxamides and compound with meta dichloro substitution among sulphonamidesexhibited significant antitumor activity with IC50 value of 14.0 μM and 15.0 μM respectively against K562cell line. For comparison among electron donating groups between carboxamides and sulfonamides, compounds with para tert-butyl substitution were chosen for further studies. Cell cycle analysis suggests that both tert-butyl substituted compounds are able to induce apoptosis

Use of MARC21 control field data in University Library OPACs in Karnataka: A study

This study discusses about importance of MARC21 control field and its effective implementation in university libraries OPACs in Karnataka. The catalogue records available through library web OPACs of universities under study formed the data source for this study. The university library web OPACs which we examined in this study have used Koha ILMS. One thousand and eighty-eight (1088) records were randomly selected from the nine university library web OPACs for the study. The study examined the proper implementation of 008 control field of MARC21, which is an important data element in information retrieval. The study found that average length of a cataloguing record was 1572.78 characters. The study as also revealed that libraries web OPACs under study have given scant attention for control fields, 001 and 003 were the two tag numbers that have been used extensively. Overall the university libraries have neglected control fields data element in their OPACs. This adversely affect the data retrieval from the user point of view. The study strongly recommend that libraries should fill up the data required for control fields while cataloguing their records

Effect of growth regulators and spacing on multiplication of planting ullits in cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton)

Experiments on multiplication of planting units in cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) under uniform shade revealed that growth regulators (Etherel 250 ppm and Cycocel 2000 ppm) did not influence proliferation of planting units whereas closer spacing (0.9 m x 0.3 m) resulted in significantly higher number of planting units. &nbsp