The efficiency of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of cyanocobalamin is greater than heat extraction

Cyanocobalamin, like other water-soluble vitamins, is susceptible to degradation due to exposure to heat, UV, oxygen and pH. Built on our previous finding, this study aimed to assess the extraction efficiency of cyanocobalamin from dietary supplements. Particularly, cyanocobalamin extraction in a 100 °C water bath was compared with ultrasonic-assisted extraction, with and without the addition of 1 mg/L sorbitol, xylitol and erythritol. Ground defatted samples of supplement tablets were initially treated for 15 min, centrifuged and filtered before quantitative HPLC analysis. Addition of sorbitol and xylitol significantly minimised the thermal degradation during extraction in a 100 °C water bath, as shown in measured cyanocobalamin (~145 μg/tablet) that was higher than the control (100 μg/tablet, p 0.05). Overall, mean cyanocobalamin in sonicated samples was higher than heat-extracted counterparts, suggesting that extraction in a 100 °C water bath was likely to cause thermal degradation. It was possible that ultrasonic-assisted extraction had no effect on cyanocobalamin stability and would lead to a higher extraction efficiency. Therefore, 15 min extraction in an ultrasonic bath can be suggested to be adequate to release cyanocobalamin before its quantitative determination

Aroma characteristics of lupin and soybean after germination and effect of fermentation on lupin aroma

Greater human consumption of Australian sweet lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and other legume products such as soybean (Glycine max) is often limited due to undesirable beany flavor. The impacts of germination of lupin and soybean seeds and fermentation of lupin flour on aroma profiles were compared by gas chromatography olfactometry using trained sensory assessors. Untreated soybean compared to untreated lupin had significantly higher concentrations of volatiles commonly associated with beany flavor in legumes; (E)-2-hexanal, (E)-2-octenal, 1-octen-3-one, 1-hexanol and 1-heptanol. After germination of lupin and soybean, 2-methylbutanal was the most abundant volatile, increasing meaty and brothy odor characteristics. Germination of lupin and soybean also increased sweet, woody, mushroom and baked aroma notes. Fermentation of lupin increased mushroom, soil, green and nutty aroma characteristics, however beany odor did not decrease. Germination and to a lesser extent fermentation, may be successful strategies to increase the acceptability of legume flavor

Folates in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), amaranth (Amaranthus sp.) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum): Influence of cooking and malting

Effects of processing on the contents of five folate vitamers in quinoa, amaranth and buckwheat were analysed using a trienzymatic extraction method followed by LC–MS/MS. Total folate (TF) content, corresponding to the sum of folic acid (FA), 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate (10-CHOTHF) expressed as folic acid equivalent, in raw quinoa, amaranth and buckwheat were 309 ± 8.07, 228 ± 24.2 and 153 ± 12.4 μg/100 g dw, respectively, being dominantly 5-MTHF. Boiling and steaming reduced the TF in amaranth by 58% and 22%, respectively, whereas up to a 10–15% increase was observed in quinoa. Boiling and steaming did not significantly alter the TF content in buckwheat although significant changes were observed in some individual folate vitamers. Malting, on the other hand significantly increased TF content in amaranth by 21% (276 ± 14.2 μg/100 g dw) and buckwheat by 27% (193 ± 20.0 μg/100 g dw), whereas no significant change in quinoa was observed. Based on the EFSA recommendations, a portion of amaranth and quinoa (either boiled, steamed or malted) may contribute up to more than 25% of the dietary reference value for folates, whereas buckwheat may contribute only 14% when cooked and 19% when malted. Results demonstrate that quinoa, amaranth and buckwheat are good sources of folates, regardless of processing.The scientific work was funded by the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) under the scope of the strategic project UID/EMS/00667/2013. The analytical work has been financially supported by Project ELEMENTARIA funded by the Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, I.P. Lisbon, Portugal (2013DAN850) and PRO-METROFOOD project, funded by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 739568.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Probiotic-loaded microcapsule system for human in situ folate production: Encapsulation and system validation

This study focused on the use of a new system, an alginate | -poly-l-lysine | alginate | chitosan microcapsule (APACM), able to immobilize a folate-producing probiotic, Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris (LLC), which provides a new approach to the utilization of capsules and probiotics for in situ production of vitamins. LLC is able to produce 95.25 ± 26 g·L 1 of folate, during 10 h, and was encapsulated in the APACM. APACM proved its capacity to protect LLC against the harsh conditions of a simulated digestion maintaining a viable concentration of 6 log CFU·mL 1of LLC. A nutrients exchange capacity test, was performed using Lactobacillus plantarum UM7, a high lactic acid producer was used here to avoid false negative results. The production and release of 2 g·L 1 of lactic acid was achieved through encapsulation of L. plantarum, after 20 h. The adhesion of APACM to epithelial cells was also quantified, yielding 38% and 33% of capsules adhered to HT-29 cells and Caco-2 cells, respectively.Fundacão para a Ciência e Tecnologia, POPH-QREN and FSE (FCT, Portugal) through grants, SFRH/BD/80800/2012 and SFRH/BPD/101181/2014, respectively. The authors thank the FCT Strategic ProjectPEst-OE/EQB/LA0023/2013 and the project “BioInd—Biotechnology and Bioengineering for Improved Industrial and Agro-Food Processes”, ref. NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000028 co-funded by the Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (ON.2–O Novo Norte), QREN, FEDER

Ascorbic Acid Effectively Improved Lutein Extraction Yield from Australian Sweet Lupin Flour

Lutein is a xanthophyll, a bioactive phytochemical that presents itself as colourful pigments in plants. Australian sweet lupin flour has been incorporated as a food ingredient in wheat bread and pasta to improve their sensory property and nutritional quality. However, the amount of lutein in lupin flour has not yet been determined. This is the first study to quantify naturally occurring lutein in Australian sweet lupin flour after the extraction efficiency was optimised. Several organic solvents (acetone, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl acetate and hexane), the use of an ultrasonic bath or a probe, the need for saponification and addition of ascorbic acid (served as antioxidant) were tested to compare the extraction yield. HPLC was employed to analyse lutein in flour. Lowest lutein (68 μg/100 g) was determined in the hexane extract. Samples extracted using an ultrasonic bath (126–132 μg/100 g) contained higher lutein than those extracted using a probe (84–109 μg/100 g). Saponified samples showed significantly less lutein (30–64 μg/100 g) than their respective non-saponified ones (122–134 μg/100 g). Without added ascorbic acid, lutein that was extracted into isopropyl alcohol was 143 μg/100 g and was higher than those released into acetone (92 μg/100 g). When ascorbic acid was added, measured lutein in the extracts of isopropyl alcohol (155 μg/100 g) and acetone (138 μg/100 g) increased by 8 and 33%, respectively. Our results suggested that the choice of extraction solvents and addition of ascorbic acid was crucial for quantitative analysis of lutein, so that the lutein content in lupin flour can be accurately reported

What is the cobalamin status among vegetarians and vegans in Australia?

Water-soluble vitamin B12 (cobalamin) plays a vital role in normal blood function and neurological functioning. Clinical and subclinical B12 deficiency has been notably reported in vegans, vegetarians, the elderly and metformin-treated diabetics. Currently, the prevalence of cobalamin deficiency among vegans and vegetarians in Australia is lacking; data on dietary intake including supplements and nutritional status are also limited. The increasing multiculturalism of Australia has seen an influx of imported foods, of which some may contain considerable vitamin B12. However, values for such foods are not included in the food composition databases. This review highlights the need to update the food composition database with culturally diverse foods containing vitamin B12. Moreover, the need for assessing dietary intakes and status using the most current best evidence and best practice on nutritional indicators (biochemical and functional biomarkers) to estimate the risk of deficiency and/or depletion is discussed

Determination of protein in lupin using liquid chromatography coupled with organic carbon detector and organic nitrogen detector (LC-OCD-OND): Validation of a new method

The Kjeldahl or Dumas methods used to estimate the crude protein in foods measure total organic nitrogen of foods. The limitation of these methods is that the estimated nitrogen is not solely derived from proteins. This is the first study to determine the protein content of Australian sweet lupin using size-exclusion chromatography interfaced with organic carbon detector and organic nitrogen detector (LC-OCD-OND), a method that is widely used in water research. Protein was initially extracted into 10 mM phosphate buffer saline, filtered and diluted prior to analysis. Measured protein in the lupin flour and the lupin protein isolate were 1.6 g and 6.1 g per 100 g, respectively, in agreement with results obtained from Bicinchoninic assay. The coefficients of variation for both intra and inter-variability studies were 5%. The work presented here introduces a fast and simple protein extraction from solid state prior to LC-OCD-OND analysis that specifically measures only soluble protein in lupins

Evaluating folate extraction from infant milk formulae and adult nutritionals: Enzymatic digestion versus enzyme-free heat treatment

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd This study compares enzymatic treatments to release folic acid (FA) and endogenous 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) from infant milk formulae with enzyme-free heat extraction. The limits of detection and quantitation of FA were 1.4 ng/mL and 3.1 ng/mL, respectively; 7.5 ng/mL and 16.2 ng/mL for 5-MTHF. Absolute mean recoveries were 85% (FA) and 95% (5-MTHF). The RSD of the within-run variability was 6% and the inter-day variability was 8%. Averaged measurements of FA and 5-MTHF in SRM-1849a were within the certified value range. Analysed folate levels in three brands were greater than label values, because of inherently high 5-MTHF occurring in samples. The results indicate that enzyme-free heat treatment prior to UPLC–MS/MS analysis gives better sensitivity and reduces chromatographic interferences for the determination of FA and 5-MTHF in milk formulae than enzymatic treatments. Enzyme-free heat treatment is more compatible with UPLC–MS/MS than folate extraction techniques involving the addition of enzymes to milk

Sorbitol enhances the physicochemical stability of B<inf>12</inf>vitamers

The stability of B12 vitamers is affected by interaction with other water-soluble Vitamins, UV light, heat, and pH. This study compared the degradation losses in cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin and methylcobalamin due to the physicochemical exposure before and after the addition of sorbitol. The degradation losses of cyanocobalamin in the presence of increasing concentrations of thiamin and niacin ranged between 6%-13% and added sorbitol significantly prevented the loss of cyanocobalamin (p 30%). At pH 3, methylcobalamin was the most unstable showing 79% degradation loss, which was down to 12% after sorbitol was added (p < 0.05). The losses of cyanocobalamin at pH 3 and pH 9 (15%) were prevented by adding sorbitol. Addition of sorbitol to hydroxocobalamin at pH 3 and pH 9 reduced the loss by only 6%. The results showed that cyanocobalamin was the most stable, followed by hydroxocobalamin and methylcobalamin. Added sorbitol was sufficient to significantly enhance the stability of cobalamins against degradative agents and conditions