Prosedur penyelesaian pembiayaan bermasalah pada akad mudharabah dalam rangka meminimalisir resiko di BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia Magelang

Permasalah kehidupan perekonomian yang sulit, membuat masyarakat berinisiatif untuk membuka usaha sendiri. Mereka membutuhkan suatu bantuan berupa dana untuk memperlancar usahanya, maka BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia Magelang ikut untuk mengembangkan produknya yaitu pembiayaan mudharabah sesuai perkembangan dunia perbankan dalam target peningkatan keuntungan dan menyejahterakan masyarakat. Dengan diberikanya pembiayaan tersebut, terkadang muncul adanya pembiayaan bermasalah dikarenakan ada beberapa faktor diantaranya ketidakmampuan anggota untuk membayar tepat waktu atau jatuh tempo pembayaran diakibatkan karena usaha anggota yang kurang lancar dan lain sebagaianya. Tugas Akhir ini berjudul “ Prosedur Penyelesaian Pembiayaan Bermasalah pada Akad Mudharabah Dalam Rangka Meminimalisir Risiko” Berdasarkan judul tersebut dapat diambil rumusan masalah yaitu apa penyebab terjadinya pembiayaan bermasalah pada BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia Magelang dan bagaimana prosedur penyelesaian pembiayaaan bermasalah pada akad mudharabah di BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia Magelang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan dimana sumber data yang digunakan berasal dari data primer dan sekunder yang diperoleh melalui metode wawancara dengan manajer, bagian pembiayaan dan dokumentasi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk menggambarkan secara sistematis dan akurat mengenai objek penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyebab terjadinya pembiayaan bermasalah yaitu faktor internal meliputi kurang telitinya petugas BMT dalam menganalisi data calon anggota, kurang disiplinya dalam penagihan dan eksternal meliputi karakter anggota yang kurang baik, usahanya bangkrut dan terjadinya bencana alam yang tidak terduga. Adapun prosesdur yang digunakan BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia dalam menyelesaian pembiayaan bermasalah pada akad mudharabah dengan cara kekeluargaan atau musyawarah dengan anggota, penjadwalan kembali (rescheduling), persyaratan kembali (reconditioning), pengambilan jaminan (eksekusi), dan write off final. Di BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia dalam penyelesaian pembiayaan bermasalah jarang menngunakan jalur hukum, tetapi sering menggunakan cara kekeluargaan yang dianggap lebih efektif dan eksekusi jaminan apabila anggota tersebut sudah mengalami macet atau bermasalah

MOESM1 of Characterization of Brucella abortus mutant strain Δ22915, a potential vaccine candidate

Additional file 1. Primers used for qRT-PCR validation. a Based on B. abortus S2308 genome (GenBank Code: NC_007618.1 and NC_007624.1)

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Molecular cloning of Peking duck Toll-like receptor 3 (duTLR3) gene and its responses to reovirus infection

Amino acid alignment of Peking duck, Anas platyrhynchos, Cairina moschata, Gallus, Homo sapiens, and Mus musculus TLR3. Alignment was performed using the CLUSTAW program and edited with BOXSHADE. Black boxes indicate amino acid identity; gray boxes indicates similarity (50 % threshold). LRR, leucine rich repeat. TIR, toll-interleukin 1 receptor signaling domain. The TLR3 sequences are shown for Muscovy duck (Cai), human (Hom), mouse (Mus), chicken (Gal), Jinding duck (Ana), and peking duck (Pek). (DOC 51 kb

Microarray-Based Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Intracellular <i>Brucella abortus</i> within RAW264.7 Cells

<div><p><i>Brucella spp</i>. is a species of facultative intracellular Gram-negative bacteria that induces abortion and causes sterility in domesticated mammals and chronic undulant fever in humans. Important determinants of <i>Brucella</i>’s virulence and potential for chronic infection include the ability to circumvent the host cell’s internal surveillance system and the capability to proliferate within dedicated and non-dedicated phagocytes. Hence, identifying genes necessary for intracellular survival may hold the key to understanding <i>Brucella</i> infection. In the present study, microarray analysis reveals that 7.82% (244/3334) of all <i>Brucella abortus</i> genes were up-regulated and 5.4% (180/3334) were down-regulated in RAW264.7 cells, compared to free-living cells in TSB. qRT-PCR verification further confirmed a >5-fold up-regulation for fourteen genes. Functional analysis classified <i>araC</i>, <i>ddp</i>, and <i>eryD</i> as to partake in information storage and processing, <i>alp</i>, <i>flgF</i> and <i>virB9</i> to be involved in cellular processes, <i>hpcd</i> and <i>aldh</i> to play a role in metabolism, <i>mfs</i> and <i>nikC</i> to be involved in both cellular processes and metabolism, and four hypothetical genes (<i>bruAb1_1814</i>, <i>bruAb1_0475</i>, <i>bruAb1_1926</i>, and <i>bruAb1_0292</i>) had unknown functions. Furthermore, we constructed a <i>B. abortus</i> 2308 mutant Δ<i>ddp</i> where the <i>ddp</i> gene is deleted in order to evaluate the role of <i>ddp</i> in intracellular survival. Infection assay indicated significantly higher adherence and invasion abilities of the Δ<i>ddp</i> mutant, however it does not survive well in RAW264.7 cells. <i>Brucella</i> may survive in hostile intracellular environment by modulating gene expression.</p></div

Significant pathway of differentially expressed genes.

<p>“P value” indicates the enrichment p-value of the Pathway ID determined by the Fisher's exact test. “Enrichment_Score” indicates the enrichment score value of the Pathway ID, which equals -log₁₀ (p-value). A: Significant pathways of up-regulated genes; B: Significant pathway of down-regulated genes.</p

Heat map and hierarchical clustering.

<p>Hierarchical clustering was performed based on all differentially expressed gene data. The results of hierarchical clustering on conditions show distinguishable gene expression profiling between samples. “Red” indicates high relative expression, and “blue” indicates low relative expression. “S2308” refers to the groups of free-living bacteria in TSB, “C2308” refers to the groups of intracellular bacteria.</p

Structure-based multiple sequence alignment of LuxS homologues.

<p>Multiple alignments of LuxS homologue from <i>S</i>. <i>suis</i> HA9801 with the related LuxS proteins. The multiple alignment was conducted using ClustalW2 (<a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/clustalw2/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/clustalw2/index.html</a>), and the figure was generated with the program ESPript 2.2 (<a href="http://espript.ibcp.fr/ESPript/cgi-bin/ESP%20ript.cgi" target="_blank">http://espript.ibcp.fr/ESPript/cgi-bin/ESP ript.cgi</a>). Sequence alignment was performed for the various LuxS sequences, which included <i>S</i>.<i>suis</i>, <i>E</i>.<i>facecium</i>, <i>H</i>.<i>pylori</i>, <i>V</i>.<i>cholerae</i>, <i>V</i>.<i>harveyi</i>, <i>E</i>.<i>coli</i>, <i>S</i>.<i>enterica</i>, <i>N</i>.<i>meningitidis</i>, <i>A</i>.<i>pleuropneumoniae</i>, <i>H</i>.<i>parasuis</i>, <i>H</i>.<i>influenzae</i>, <i>C</i>.<i>gracilis</i>, <i>C</i>.<i>jejuni</i>, <i>B</i>.<i>cereus</i>, <i>B</i>.<i>subtilis</i>. The secondary structure of the SS LuxS protein is shown in top. α: α-helix; β: β-sheet; T: β-turns/coils. Three conserved zinc-binding sites (His57, His61, and Cys127) are indicated with black triangles. A critical amino acid G81 was also very conserved (highlighted with an arrow), which was recently found to be one of the important residues in the active site for AI-2 production in <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> (Plummer et al., 2011). The Cys82 is the catalytic active residue of the LuxS protein. The distinct residues are indicated by labeling with black stars.</p

Oligonucleotides used for the site-directed mutagenesis in this study.

<p>Oligonucleotides used for the site-directed mutagenesis in this study.</p

Infection assay.

<p>RAW264.7 cells were infected with Δ<i>ddp</i> mutant or wild type strain 2308 at a MOI 100∶1. A: The CFUs of total bacteria adherence to RAW264.7 cells. B: The CFUs of total bacteria invasion of RAW264.7 cells. C: Bacterial survival in RAW264.7 cells at 1 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h and 48 h p.i. All data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation and subjected to Student’s t-test, **, p≤0.01.</p

Intracellular transcriptional level of <i>Brucella</i> genes obtained by qRT-PCR and analysis of gene functional characteristics.

a<p><i>B. abortus</i> ORFs listed are used locus tag of genes in <i>B. abortus</i> strain 9-941.</p>b<p>Subcellular locations were predicted by the PSORTb v.3.0 server. Available: <a href="http://www.psort.org/psortb/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.psort.org/psortb/index.html</a>. Accessed 10 December 2012.</p>c<p>Functional characterization of the proteins was predicted by the software COGnitor. Available: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/COG/old/xognitor.html" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/COG/old/xognitor.html</a>. Accessed 10 December 2012. Functional categories: (1) Information storage and processing: (J: Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis; K: Transcription; L: DNA replication, recombination and repair); (2) Cellular processes: (D: Cell division and chromosome partitioning; O: Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones; M: Cell envelope biogenesis, outer membrane; P: Inorganic ion transport and metabolism; T: Signal transduction mechanisms); (3) Metabolism: (C: Energy production and conversion; E: Amino acid transport and metabolism; F: Nucleotide transport and metabolism); (4) Poorly characterized: (R: General function prediction only; S: Function unknown).</p>d<p>-: No related COG.</p>e<p>Results are expressed as 2^−ΔΔCt. Figures = 1 indicate that the gene is expressed similarly in both conditions, figures >1 indicate that the gene is over expressed in intracellular <i>Brucella</i>, and figures <1 indicate that the gene is expressed less in intracellular <i>Brucella</i>.</p