Production and partial purification of β-galactosidase enzyme from probiotic Bacillus subtilis SK09

139-144In the present study, lactose hydrolyzing enzyme β-galactosidase was produced from a novel probiotic Bacillus subtilis SK09 and it was compared with commercially obtained, B. subtilis MTCC 2413. The probiotic Bacilli was initially screened for its ability to hydrolyze the X-gal followed by production of blue colonies. The production medium was formulated using varied nutrients including carbon, nitrogen, mineral salts and amino acid sources. The crude enzyme with an activity of 76.2 U/ml was achieved from our novel strain B. subtilis SK09, and subjected for partial purification by solvent precipitation, dialysis and ion exchange chromatography using DEAE cellulose (DEAE-C) column. Partially purified β-galactosidase enzyme showed 11.6 folds increase in specific activity of 137.02 U/ml. This partially purified enzyme was further characterized and it was observed that it is homogeneous in nature, with molecular weight of 43 kDa. When compared, the β-galactosidase activity of our novel strain was found five times higher than that of commercially obtained strain (27.6 U/ml). Hence, this characteristic of B. subtilis SK09 of increase enzymatic activity can make it a promising candidate for various industrial as well as biotechnological applications

BIT ERROR RATE ANALYSIS OF SM-MIMO AND SSP-SM-MIMO

The ever increasing demand for higher data rates in wireless communication systems requires innovative transmission schemes achieving a high spectral efficiency. However, in massive SM-MIMO, the optimal maximum likelihood detector has the high complexity, while state of-the-art low-complexity detectors for small-scale SM-MIMO suffer from an obvious performance loss., by exploiting the structured sparsity of multiple SM signals, a low complexity signal detector was proposed based on structured compressive sensing to improve the signal detection performance. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) low complexity receiver which utilizes the compressive sensing detection for Spatial Modulation in large scale MIMO system in order to reduce the system complexity. In conventional MIMO system, huge amount of antennas is used at both ends to exploit the multipath propagation. This system maximizes the throughput performance and data rates are increased but only at the cost of high hardware complexity and increased power-consumption. Moreover we analyzed the technique using high level modulations (i.e. M-PSK for different values of M). Detection algorithms used are Zero-Forcing and Minimum mean square estimator. Performance is analyzed in terms of BER (bit error rate) vs. SNR (signal to noise ratio)

Conjugation, labeling and characterization of asparaginase bound silver nanoparticles for anticancer applications

421-426Nanomedicine in cancer therapy is an emerging technology over the commercially available drug delivery systems. The loss of drug activity can be prevented by conjugating asparaginase with metal nanoparticles. This necessitates the synthesis of metal nanobiocomposite of L-asparaginase labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate for better diagnosis and treatment. The present work is focused on the synthesis of silver nanocomposite of fungal L-asparaginase labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. The formation of fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled silver nanobiocomposite of asparaginase was confirmed with a broad peak from 360 nm to 500 nm in UV spectrum. The functional group present in the labeled silver nanobiocomposite of asparaginase was analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy while the presence of asparaginase in labeled silver nanobiocomposite was confirmed by 1H-NMR. The anticancer activity of labeled silver nanobiocomposite of asparaginase as revealed by the fluorescent microscope against MG-63 cancer cell line showed an IC50 value of 62.5 µg/mL

Iron nanoparticles from animal blood for cellular imaging and targeted delivery for cancer treatment

Background Iron nanoparticles (INPs) are usually prepared from inorganic sources, but we have prepared it from goat blood using incineration method. These INPs are then coated with chitosan (C) and coupled with folic acid (F) to form bionanocomposite for folate receptors. Methods The bionanocomposite was characterized for its physicochemical properties and cancer cell targeting studies using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Zeta potential analysis, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging analyses. Results The results have shown that the particle size of the INP-CF was found to be 80-300 nm and confirmed the presence of chitosan and folic acid in the bionanocomposite. Cancer and normal mouse embryonic cell line study confirmed the internalization of INP-CF and this phenomenon was also supported by physicochemical studies. Conclusion Thus, nanobiocomposite prepared using natural sources as a raw material will be beneficial compared to commercially available synthetic sources and can be used as receptor targeting agent for cancer treatment. This nanobiocomposite when coupled with substances such as monoclonal antibodies might act as a theranostic nanoagent for cancer therapy in the years to come. General significance The prepared novel nanobiocomposite containing INPs isolated from natural source may be used as multifunctional agent due its paramagnetic property apart from its drug delivery effect. © 2012 Elsevier B.V

Effect of fluoride varnish on <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> counts in plaque of caries-free children using dentocult SM strip mutans test: A randomized controlled triple blind study

Dental caries is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases and although of multifactorial origin, <i> Streptococcus mutans</i> is considered the chief pathogen in its development. Fluoride is one of the most effective agents used for the reduction of dental caries apart from oral hygiene maintenance. <b> Aims:</b> The aim of this study was to estimate the counts of <i> Streptococcus mutans</i> and to evaluate the effect of Fluor Protector fluoride varnish on these counts in the plaque of caries-free children using Dentocult SM Strip Mutans. <b> Materials and Methods:</b> Thirty caries-free subjects were selected for the study based on the information obtained from a questionnaire and were randomly assigned to the control group consisting of ten subjects and the study group consisting of twenty subjects. Plaque samples were collected on the strips from the Dentocult SM kit and after incubation, the presence of <i> Streptococcus mutans</i> was evaluated using the manufacturer&#x2032;s chart. The study group was subjected to a Fluor Protector fluoride varnish application following which the samples were collected again after 24 hours. <b> Results:</b> The average <i> Streptococcus mutan</i> s counts in the primary dentition of caries-free children before and after the application of Fluor Protector fluoride varnish were 10⁴ -10⁵ colony forming units (CFU)/ml and &lt; 10⁴ CFU/ml respectively. <b> Conclusion: </b> The results showed that the study group had a statistically significant reduction in the plaque <i> Streptococcus mutans </i> counts than the control group

Invitro Wound Healing Activity Of The Aerial Parts Of Urena Lobata L.

Restoration of normal cell structures is favoured through the healing of wounds which is depending upon migration andproliferation. Collagen formation, angiogenesis and migration of cells is an intricate process of wound healing through fibroblasts. Currently there is less evidence for the wound healing at cellular level. Alcoholic extract of the aerial parts of Urenalobatawas used to study the fibroblast cell migration and proliferation using scratch wound assay procedure. The present study provides the scientific rationale of the the ethanolic extract of plant in the management of wounds

In-vitro Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity of Leaves of Cleodendron Inerme

ABSTRACT Clerodendron inerme belongs to the family Verbenaceae found in southern region of India, which is used in the treatment of Veneral diseases, Rheumatism, Elephantiasis and Intermittent fever. The qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloid, steroids, phenols, flavanoids, tannins, carbohydrates, fixed oils and volatile oils. The Petroleum ether, Chlorofrom, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol and water fractions of the leaves of Clerodendron inerme were subjected to In vitro Anti-inflammatory activity by HRBC membrane stabilization method in various concentration i.e. 10,50,100,200,400,800,1000µg/ml. All the extracts showed positive response as compared to standard Diclofenac sodium. The Ethyl acetate and Ethanol extracts showed maximum activity. The order of effect of different extracts were represented as follows Ethyl acetate&gt; Ethanol &gt;Water&gt; Chloroform&gt; Petroleum ether. The Petroleum ether, Chlorofrom, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol and water fractions of the leaves of Clerodendron inerme were subjected to invitro anti-arthritic activity by protein denaturation method. All the extracts showed positive response .The effect was represented as follows Ethyl acetate&gt; Chloroform&gt;Ethanol&gt; Water&gt; Petroleum ether