Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the quality characteristics of chicken eggs during refrigerated storage

Twenty-four, 79-wk-old White Leghorn hens were assigned randomly to three diets containing 0, 2.5, or 5.0% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The diets were fed for 4 wk to determine the effect of dietary CLA on quality characteristics of eggs. Eggs were collected daily and stored at 4 C for 1, 7, 21, or 49 d. At the designated times, the eggs were processed to evaluate water content, fatty acid composition, color, proportions and pH of yolk and albumen. Firmness of yolk after the eggs were hard-cooked was also determined. The proportions of myristic, palmitic, stearic, CLA (9-cis, 11-trans CLA and 10-trans, 12-cis CLA isomers), and unidentified fatty acids in egg yolk lipids were increased as dietary CLA increased, but those of palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic acid were decreased. Duration of refrigeration increased the proportion of egg yolk but decreased the contents of albumen and yolk lipids after 21 d or longer of storage. Egg yolk pH increased as refrigeration time increased, regardless of dietary treatment, but the increase was greater in the eggs produced by hens fed the CLA diets. Albumen pH increased significantly after 7 d of storage but remained unchanged until 21 d and then decreased by 49 d. Dietary CLA had no effect on the pH of albumen until 49 d of storage. After 49 d storage, egg albumen pH from hens fed CLA diets was lower than that of albumen from hens fed the control diet. Yolk color was not influenced by the dietary CLA and storage, but the egg yolk surface from hens fed CLA diets sometimes had relatively dark color with light spots. Dietary CLA and storage of CLA eggs increased the firmness of hard-cooked egg yolk. The texture of yolks from hard-cooked CLA eggs was rubbery and elastic, and the yolks were more difficult to break using an Instron. It was speculated that the quality changes of CLA eggs were related to the increase of yolk water content, the movement of ions between yolk and albumen through yolk membrane, and the changes of egg yolk pH during storage.This article is published as Ahn, D. U., J. L. Sell, C. Jo, M. Chamruspollert, and M. Jeffrey. "Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the quality characteristics of chicken eggs during refrigerated storage." Poultry Science 78, no. 6 (1999): 922-928. doi:10.1093/ps/78.6.922.</p

Níveis de arginina e lisina digestíveis na dieta de frangos de corte na fase pré-inicial Digestible arginine and lysine levels in pre-starter broiler diet

Avaliaram-se o desempenho, a digestibilidade e retenção de nutrientes e o desenvolvimento de órgãos de frangos de corte na fase pré-inicial (1 a 7 dias de idade) alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de lisina e arginina digestíveis. Um total de 352 pintos AgRoss machos foram distribuídos em um arranjo fatorial 2 <FONT FACE=Symbol>&acute;</FONT> 3 composto de dois níveis de lisina digestível (1,056 e 1,305%) e três níveis de arginina digestível (1,305; 1,459 e 1,613%), com quatro repetições de 11 aves. O ganho de peso diário não foi afetado pelas dietas, porém, houve efeito quadrático dos níveis de arginina sobre a conversão alimentar de 1 a 7 dias e de 1 a 21 dias de idade e efeito linear sobre o consumo de alimento no período de 1 a 21 dias de idade. O peso relativo do proventrículo + moela reduziu à medida que o nível de arginina digestível aumentou para o nível de 1,305% de lisina digestível aos 14 dias de idade. Os valores do coeficiente de digestibilidade dos nutrientes e retenção de MS e N foram melhores nos menores níveis de lisina digestível. Os níveis de 1,40 a 1,46% de arginina digestível podem ser utilizados em dietas para frangos de corte na fase pré-inicial, mas, à medida que aumenta o conteúdo de lisina da dieta, deve-se manter a relação desse aminoácido com arginina.<br>The performance, digestibility and retention of nutrients and the development of digestive organs of broiler chicks in pre-starter diet (1 to 7 days old) fed diets with different levels of digestible lysine and arginine. A total of 352 day old AgRoss male chicks was allotted to 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (level of digestible lysine [1.056 and 1.305%] and levels of digestible arginine [1.305, 1.459 and 1.613%] and four replicates of 11 chicks. Daily weight gain was not affected by diets but there was a quadratic effect of arginine levels on feed:gain ratio from 1 to 7 and from 1 to 21 days old and linear effect on feed intake from 1 to 21 days old. As for organs development, it was observed a reduction for the relative weight of proventriculus + gizzard as arginine level increased for the 1.305% digestible lysine level at 14 days of age The digestibility coefficients of nutrients and retention of DM and d N values were better for the low digestible lysine levels. The levels from 1.40 to 1.46 of digestible arginine could be used for pre-starter phase diets of broiler chicks, however as lysine content increase in the diet its relation with arginine should be adjusted

Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the composition of egg yolk lipids

Forty-eight 27-wk-old White Leghorn hens were assigned randomly to four diets containing 0, 1.25, 2.5, or 5.0% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Hens were fed the CLA diets for 2 wk before eggs were collected for the study. Classes of egg yolk lipids were separated, and fatty acid concentrations in total lipid, triglyceride (TG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylcholine (PC) were analyzed to determine the incorporation of dietary CLA isomers into different classes of egg yolk lipids. The amounts of CLA incorporated into lipid, PC, PE, and TG of egg yolk were proportional to the levels of CLA in the diet. However, more CLA was incorporated in TG than in PC and PE. The incorporation rates of different CLA isomers into different classes of lipids also were significantly different: cis-9, trans-11 and cis-10, trans-12 CLA were deposited more in TG, but cis-11, trans-13 CLA deposition in TG was significantly less. There were large differences in the concentrations of cis-8, trans-10 CLA in PC and PE. The inclusion of CLA into the diet influenced the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The contents of 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic, 9,12-octadecadienoic, and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acids were decreased as dietary CLA increased. Three isomers of hexadecadienoic acid were found in egg yolk lipids from hens fed 5% dietary CLA. The detection of hexadecadienoic acid isomers in lipid indicates that the utilization of CLA as an energy source after the first round of beta-oxidation may be less favorable than that of 9,12-octadecadienoic acid

Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the quality characteristics of chicken eggs during refrigerated storage

Twenty-four, 79-wk-old White Leghorn hens were assigned randomly to three diets containing 0, 2.5, or 5.0% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The diets were fed for 4 wk to determine the effect of dietary CLA on quality characteristics of eggs. Eggs were collected daily and stored at 4 C for 1, 7, 21, or 49 d. At the designated times, the eggs were processed to evaluate water content, fatty acid composition, color, proportions and pH of yolk and albumen. Firmness of yolk after the eggs were hard-cooked was also determined. The proportions of myristic, palmitic, stearic, CLA (9-cis, 11-trans CLA and 10-trans, 12-cis CLA isomers), and unidentified fatty acids in egg yolk lipids were increased as dietary CLA increased, but those of palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic acid were decreased. Duration of refrigeration increased the proportion of egg yolk but decreased the contents of albumen and yolk lipids after 21 d or longer of storage. Egg yolk pH increased as refrigeration time increased, regardless of dietary treatment, but the increase was greater in the eggs produced by hens fed the CLA diets. Albumen pH increased significantly after 7 d of storage but remained unchanged until 21 d and then decreased by 49 d. Dietary CLA had no effect on the pH of albumen until 49 d of storage. After 49 d storage, egg albumen pH from hens fed CLA diets was lower than that of albumen from hens fed the control diet. Yolk color was not influenced by the dietary CLA and storage, but the egg yolk surface from hens fed CLA diets sometimes had relatively dark color with light spots. Dietary CLA and storage of CLA eggs increased the firmness of hard-cooked egg yolk. The texture of yolks from hard-cooked CLA eggs was rubbery and elastic, and the yolks were more difficult to break using an Instron. It was speculated that the quality changes of CLA eggs were related to the increase of yolk water content, the movement of ions between yolk and albumen through yolk membrane, and the changes of egg yolk pH during storage.This article is published as Ahn, D. U., J. L. Sell, C. Jo, M. Chamruspollert, and M. Jeffrey. "Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the quality characteristics of chicken eggs during refrigerated storage." Poultry Science 78, no. 6 (1999): 922-928. doi:10.1093/ps/78.6.922.</p

Exigência de arginina digestível para frangos de corte machos em diferentes fases Arginine requirement of male broiler chicks in different phases of development

Três ensaios foram realizados com o objetivo de determinar a exigência de arginina digestível e a relação arginina:lisina digestível para frangos, machos, Avian Farm nas fases de 1 a 20, de 24 a 38 e de 44 a 56 dias de idade. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco níveis de arginina digestível, seis repetições e 20 aves por boxe nas fases de 1 a 20 e de 24 a 38 dias de idade e 16 aves por boxe na fase de 44 a 56 dias de idade. Os níveis de arginina digestível utilizados nas diferentes fases foram: de 1 a 20 dias de idade, 1,10 a 1,34% (aumento de 0,061 entre tratamentos); de 24 a 38 dias de idade, 1,083 a 1,296% (aumento de 0,053); e de 44 a 56 dias de idade, 0,96 a 1,148% (aumento de 0,047). No final de cada experimento foram avaliadas as características de desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça. Houve efeito quadrático para ganho de peso e conversão alimentar na fase de 1 a 20 dias de idade. O valor da exigência nutricional de arginina digestível (total), estimado na fase de 1 a 20 dias de idade, foi de 1,22% (1,31% total), correspondendo a uma relação arginina:lisina digestível de 105%, de acordo com os resultados de ganho de peso e o modelo descontínuo. Não houve efeito dos níveis de arginina sobre as características de desempenho e de cortes nobres, sugerindo que o nível de arginina digestível de 1,083 (1,155% total), correspondente a uma relação de 102%, foi suficiente para maximizar o desempenho na fase de 24 a 38 dias. No período de 44 a 56 dias, não houve efeito dos níveis de arginina digestível sobre as características de desempenho e de cortes nobres, indicando que o nível de treonina digestível de 0,960% (1,026% total), correspondente a uma relação de 102%, foi suficiente para maximizar o desempenho.<br>Three experiments were conducted to determine the arginine requirement and the digestible arginine:lysine ratio of broiler males, from 1 to 20, 24 to 38 and 44 to 56 days of age. A completely randomized design with five levels of arginine, six replicates and 20 birds per pens from 1 to 20 and 24 to 38, and 16 birds per pens from 44 to 56 were used in each experiment. The concentrations of digestible arginine were 1.10-1.34 (increase of 0,061), 1.083-1.296 (increase of 0,053) and 0,96-1,148% (increase of 0,047) for 1-20, 24-38 and 44-56 days of age respectively. At the end of each experiment performance and carcass yield were evaluated. Body weight gain and feed conversion responded quadratically to increasing levels of digestible arginine in the first phase. Using the broken line model, the requirement of digestible arginine and the ratio of digestible arginine:lysine for the first phase were 1,22% (1,31% total) and 105%, respectively, according to the results of body weight gain. No statistical difference in the second and third phases (24-38 days old and 44-56 days old, respectively) showed that the lowest level of digestible arginine of 1,083% (1,155% total) and 0,960% (1,026) met the birds requirement. These levels corresponded to a ratio of 102% in both phases