Évaluation de la mise en oeuvre et des effets perçus du programme Vestiaire des pères

Une redéfinition récente des rôles parentaux a amené les pères à s’engager sur plusieurs dimensions, au même titre que les mères. De nombreux organismes communautaires offrent des services adaptés à la façon singulière des pères d’exprimer et de vivre leur parentalité. Les services gouvernementaux tardent à suivre le mouvement, notamment à cause de la rigidité de sa structure qui est souvent moulée aux besoins des mères. Le sujet du présent mémoire est l’évaluation de la mise en œuvre et des effets perçus du programme Vestiaire de pères (Vdp). Cette innovation est le fruit d’une collaboration entre Coopère Rosemont, un organisme communautaire, et la protection de la jeunesse du Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, une agence gouvernementale. Le programme Vdp s’adresse à tous les pères qui souhaitent échanger sur leur paternité, peu importe leur situation personnelle. Les objectifs des ateliers proposés aux pères sont multiples : briser leur isolement, normaliser leur situation, socialiser, s’entraider. Ultimement, on souhaite mousser leur engagement auprès de leurs enfants. L’évaluation qualitative de l’implantation de Vdp se voulait formative. Trois objectifs étaient visés. Dans un premier temps, l’étude souhaitait décrire le rationnel d’intervention du programme Vdp. Les deuxième et troisième objectifs étaient de décrire la mise en œuvre du programme et ses effets perçus sur les pères. Les pères inscrits au programme et les animateurs ont été sollicités dans la cueillette des données. Au total, six pères et quatre animateurs y ont pris part. Les analyses documentaires, descriptives et thématiques de nombreuses sources d’information, recueillies sur deux sessions, a permis de brosser un large portrait du processus d’implantation de Vestiaire de pères. Les résultats ont permis de décrire le modèle logique du programme Vdp, puis de l’enrichir et de le préciser à la lumière de l’animation de deux sessions du programme. Notamment, les résultats, catégorisés selon les différentes composantes du programme, suggèrent que la clientèle ciblée a été rejointe. En effet, les groupes étaient composés de pères de tous horizons, dont plusieurs en situation de vulnérabilité. Aussi, il est relevé que l’attitude des animateurs aura été déterminante dans la création d’un climat d’entraide bénéfique à tous les pères présents, mais qu’un flou dans l’élaboration du programme aura posé des défis supplémentaires dans l’animation. Plusieurs recommandations découlent de cette évaluation.Recently, father involvement has been redefine. Fathers now play numerous roles with their children. Many community organisations assist fathers so that they can manage this new reality. Unfortunately, government services stand behind, partly because of the rigidity of their organizational structure adapted to mothers’ needs. Vestiaire des pères is a program who follows from an innovative collaboration between Coopère Rosemont, a community service provider, and the Centre jeunesse de Montréal – Institut universitaire, a government agency. Vestiaire des pères suits every father who wants to share his experience of fatherhood. Many goals are aimed; reaching out so that they are not isolated, socialize and help each other. This qualitative study aims to describe both the logic model of the program and the implementation process of Vestiaire des pères and to identify the perceived effects on fathers. The sample includes six fathers and four educators that took part of the program. Different sources of information were collected and analyse to reveal Vdp’s implementation process and logic model. Results suggest that fathers from many different backgrounds were part of the program, even fathers in vulnerable situations. Overall, educator’s attitude towards father’s background, profile, strengths and weaknesses is the most appealing setting that helps create a mutual-aid environment. The results also showed that inconsistency in Vdp’s elaboration process led to difficulties during implementation process. Finally, many suggestions are propose to improve this innovative program

Localization of DIR1 at the tissue, cellular and subcellular levels during Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis using DIR1:GUS and DIR1:EGFP reporters

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) is an induced resistance response to pathogens, characterized by the translocation of a long-distance signal from induced leaves to distant tissues to prime them for increased resistance to future infection. DEFECTIVE in INDUCED RESISTANCE 1 (DIR1) has been hypothesized to chaperone a small signaling molecule to distant tissues during SAR in <it>Arabidopsis</it>.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>DIR1 promoter:DIR1-GUS/<it>dir1-1 </it>lines were constructed to examine DIR1 expression. DIR1 is expressed in seedlings, flowers and ubiquitously in untreated or mock-inoculated mature leaf cells, including phloem sieve elements and companion cells. Inoculation of leaves with SAR-inducing avirulent or virulent <it>Pseudomonas syringae </it>pv <it>tomato </it>(<it>Pst</it>) resulted in Type III Secretion System-dependent suppression of DIR1 expression in leaf cells. Transient expression of fluorescent fusion proteins in tobacco and intercellular washing fluid experiments indicated that DIR1's ER signal sequence targets it for secretion to the cell wall. However, DIR1 expressed without a signal sequence rescued the <it>dir1-1 </it>SAR defect, suggesting that a cytosolic pool of DIR1 is important for the SAR response.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Although expression of DIR1 decreases during SAR induction, the protein localizes to all living cell types of the vasculature, including companion cells and sieve elements, and therefore DIR1 is well situated to participate in long-distance signaling during SAR.</p

Orthology Analysis and In Vivo Complementation Studies to Elucidate the Role of DIR1 during Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana and Cucumis sativus

AtDIR1 (Defective in Induced Resistance1) is an acidic lipid transfer protein essential for systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Upon SAR induction, DIR1 moves from locally infected to distant uninfected leaves to activate defense priming; however, a molecular function for DIR1 has not been elucidated. Bioinformatic analysis and in silico homology modeling identified putative AtDIR1 orthologs in crop species, revealing conserved protein motifs within and outside of DIR1’s central hydrophobic cavity. In vitro assays to compare the capacity of recombinant AtDIR1 and targeted AtDIR1-variant proteins to bind the lipophilic probe TNS (6,P-toluidinylnaphthalene-2-sulfonate) provided evidence that conserved leucine 43 and aspartic acid 39 contribute to the size of the DIR1 hydrophobic cavity and possibly hydrophobic ligand binding. An Arabidopsis–cucumber SAR model was developed to investigate the conservation of DIR1 function in cucumber (Cucumis sativus), and we demonstrated that phloem exudates from SAR-induced cucumber rescued the SAR defect in the Arabidopsis dir1-1 mutant. Additionally, an AtDIR1 antibody detected a protein of the same size as AtDIR1 in SAR-induced cucumber phloem exudates, providing evidence that DIR1 function during SAR is conserved in Arabidopsis and cucumber. In vitro TNS displacement assays demonstrated that recombinant AtDIR1 did not bind the SAR signals azelaic acid (AzA), glycerol-3-phosphate or pipecolic acid. However, recombinant CsDIR1 and CsDIR2 interacted weakly with AzA and pipecolic acid. Bioinformatic and functional analyses using the Arabidopsis–cucumber SAR model provide evidence that DIR1 orthologs exist in tobacco, tomato, cucumber, and soybean, and that DIR1-mediated SAR signaling is conserved in Arabidopsis and cucumber

Expression of stem-loop binding protein during murine oogenesis and pre-implantation development

The goal of the work presented here was to investigate the hypothesis that cytoplasmic SLBP is required for translation of somatic H1 mRNA, and their translational repression is due to a lack of SLBP in the cytoplasm of oocytes, and early cleavage-stage embryos. To this end, the expression of SLBP in murine oocytes and pre-implantation embryos was characterized by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunocytochemical. techniques.mRNA encoding SLBP was detected throughout oogenesis and pre-implantation development, from small growing oocytes to the late blastocyst stage. SLBP protein was found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of growing and fully-gown prophase I-arrested oocytes. SLBP accumulated to extremely high levels during meiotic maturation in a process requiring translation. The protein remained abundant both in the nucleus and cytoplasm throughout the 1- and 2-cell stages. SLBP was depleted in 4-cell embryos in a process independent of DNA replication, and was not detected again until the late 8-cell stage. From the late 8-cell stage to the early blastocyst stage, SLBP was detected exclusively in the cytoplasm. Interestingly, in late blastocysts, SLBP was translocated to the nucleus. (Abstract shortened by UMI.

Long distance movement of DIR1 and investigation of the role of DIR1-like during Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis.

DIR1 is a lipid transfer protein postulated to complex with and/or chaperone a signal(s) to distant leaves during Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) in Arabidopsis. DIR1 was detected in phloem sap-enriched petiole exudates collected from wild-type leaves induced for SAR, suggesting that DIR1 gains access to the phloem for movement from the induced leaf. Occasionally the dir1-1 mutant displayed a partially SAR-competent phenotype and a DIR1-sized band in protein gel blots was detected in dir1-1 exudates suggesting a highly similar protein, DIR1-like (At5g48490), may contribute to SAR. Recombinant protein studies demonstrated that DIR1 polyclonal antibodies recognize DIR1 and DIR1-like. Homology modeling of DIR1-like using the DIR1-phospholipid crystal structure as template, provides clues as to why DIR1-like rarely compensates for the dir1-1 SAR defect. The contribution of DIR1 and DIR1-like during SAR was examined using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation-SAR assay and an estrogen-inducible DIR1-EGFP/dir1-1 line. We provide evidence that upon SAR induction, DIR1 moves down the leaf petiole to distant leaves. Our data also suggests that DIR1-like displays a reduced capacity to move to distant leaves during SAR. The existence of DIR1-like and its infrequent participation in SAR may contribute to the variable SAR responses reported by groups studying SAR mutants