RFFE – Random Forest Fuzzy Entropy for the classification of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes is a category of metabolic disease commonly known as a chronic illness. It causes the body to generate less insulin and raises blood sugar levels, leading to various issues and disrupting the functioning of organs, including the retinal, kidney and nerves. To prevent this, people with chronic illnesses require lifetime access to treatment. As a result, early diabetes detection is essential and might save many lives. Diagnosis of people at high risk of developing diabetes is utilized for preventing the disease in various aspects. This article presents a chronic illness prediction prototype based on a person's risk feature data to provide an early prediction for diabetes with Fuzzy Entropy random vectors that regulate the development of each tree in the Random Forest. The proposed prototype consists of data imputation, data sampling, feature selection, and various techniques to predict the disease, such as Fuzzy Entropy, Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with Stochastic Gradient Descent with Momentum (SGDM), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Classification and Regression Tree (CART), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Naïve Bayes (NB). This study uses the existing Pima Indian Diabetes (PID) dataset for diabetic disease prediction. The predictions' true/false positive/negative rate is investigated using the confusion matrix and the receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROCAUC). Findings on a PID dataset are compared with machine learning algorithms revealing that the proposed Random Forest Fuzzy Entropy (RFFE) is a valuable approach for diabetes prediction, with an accuracy of 98 percent

Photolyse laser couplée à une détection par LIF et cw-CRDS : application à des études spectroscopiques et cinétiques de OH, HO2 et HONO

Les radicaux OH et HO2 jouent un rôle essentiel dans beaucoup de processus d'oxydation dans l'atmosphère. La dégradation d’espèces chimiques dans les conditions troposphériques est généralement initiée par la réaction avec les radicaux OH, suivie par la réaction avec l'oxygène. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, deux techniques optiques de détection d’OH et HO2 ont été appliquée à des études cinétiques et spectroscopiques. Pour cela, nous utilisons un système expérimental de photolyse laser couplée à des techniques de détection par continuous wave Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (cw-CRDS, pour HO2) et Fluorescence Induite par Laser (FIL, pour OH). Ce couplage permet de mesurer les cinétiques des radicaux OH et HO2 simultanément, résolues dans le temps pour l’étude des mécanismes réactionnels. Différents systèmes chimiques ont été étudiés en utilisant ce dispositif expérimental: 1) les cinétiques de la réaction d'OH avec CH3OH et CD3OD, 2) le rendement de HO2 dans l’oxydation de SO2 initiée par OH et 3) la formation des radicaux HO2 par photoexcitation (à 248 nm) de différents hydrocarbures aromatiques (benzène, toluène, xylene et triméthyl benzène) en présence d’oxygène. Des applications spectroscopiques de la cw-CRDS pour mesurer les sections efficaces de H2O2, HONO, HO2 et DO2 dans le proche Infrarouge ont également été réalisées.OH and HO2 radicals play a vital role in many oxidation processes in the atmosphere. The degradation of volatile organic compounds under tropospheric conditions is generally induced by the reaction with hydroxyl radicals, followed by reaction with oxygen. This thesis involved the study of the mechanisms and reaction pathways of some of these reactions using an experimental system of laser photolysis coupled to Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF, for OH) and continuous wave Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (cw-CRDS, for HO2) detection techniques. The coupling of these detection techniques allowed studying the simultaneous, time resolved kinetics of OH and HO2 radicals and spectroscopic measurements for different species by the cw-CRDS technique. Different chemical systems studied using the above experimental technique include: 1) kinetics of the reaction of OH radicals with CH3OH and CD3OD, 2) HO2 yield in the OH-initiated oxidation of SO2, 3) an energy dependence study on the direct formation of HO2 radicals from the photoexcitation (at 248 nm) of various aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene or mesitylene) in the presence of oxygen. In addition the spectroscopic applications of the cw-CRDS technique have been used to measure the absorption cross-sections of selected absorption lines of H2O2, HONO, HO2 and DO2 in the near infrared region

Spatial, temporal features and influence of meteorology on PM2.5 and O3 association across urban and rural environments of India

This study provides an extensive analysis of the spatio-temporal association between particulate matter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) and ground-level Ozone (O3) across four selected urban settlements (Delhi, Bengaluru, Ahmedabad, and Kolkata), and a rural (Gadanki) area in India. Utilizing 4 years (2019–2022) data from multiple sites in India, the study employed the robust linear regression, and deweathering techniques to elucidate the dynamics of PM2.5 and O3 under varying environmental conditions. Key findings include, in urban areas like Kolkata and Bengaluru, PM2.5 and O3 exhibited a consistent year-round positive relationship pre- and post-deweathering. This implies that within these cities, emission sources, and atmospheric chemistry are crucial in shaping the association between PM2.5, and O3 than meteorological conditions. In contrast, negative correlations were more dominant over Delhi and Ahmedabad, which were unaffected by meteorology except in a few seasons. Typically, in Ahmedabad, this relationship differed from the general trend, displaying a positive correlation in winter and a negative in the pre-monsoon season. The rural area of Gadanki presents a unique case where deweathering alters the observed correlations significantly (shifted from positive to negative association), highlighting the dominant role of meteorological factors in driving PM2.5 and O3 relationship in rural settings. Relative humidity (RH), temperature (T), and wind direction (WD) were the key factors influencing PM2.5 and O3 relationship, although their impact varied seasonally and by location. However, the analysis during COVID-19 lockdown highlights the combined impact of meteorology and anthropogenic emissions on PM2.5 and O3 association, rather than the effect of each factor individually. These outcomes emphasize the need to account for both meteorological and non-meteorological factors in the air quality analysis. The findings offer valuable insights into coordinating the control of these pollutants, suggesting that effective air quality control strategies should be tailored to the specific needs and conditions of each region. This approach is crucial for developing more effective and targeted air quality management policies, especially in a diverse and rapidly developing country like India

Seasonal estimates of ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation from volatile organic compounds in a rural atmosphere of India

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) serve as precursors for tropospheric ozone (O3) and Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) formation. The formation of O3 and SOA are the indicators of the oxidative capacity specific to a given chemical environment. The current study investigates the oxidative capacity of the relatively less explored tropical rural atmosphere. This study is accomplished by measuring the concentrations of various VOCs and combining them with OH loss rates to estimate the potentials for O3 and SOA formation (OFP and SOAP, respectively). Continuous diel VOC measurement data from Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E), Peninsular India, encompassing four distinct seasons and comprising over 4000 samples, have been utilized to estimate OFP and SOAP and their variations across different seasons. Additionally, efforts have been made to comprehend the contribution of different VOC sources to O3 and SOA formation. The results indicate that, 1, 3, 6-trimethyl benzene (20.09 %) among the VOCs and aromatics (44.37%) among the VOC groups exhibit the highest OFP at the observational site. Among seasons, the post-monsoon period exhibits the highest OFP (31.94%). The increased presence of biogenic VOCs, such as ethylene, propylene, and 1-butene during monsoon, likely due to the increased vegetation cover can be attributed for the elevated OFP. Similarly, n-dodecane (43.22%) and the VOC group of alkanes (50.79%) show the highest SOAP. The summer season has the highest SOAP (29.7%), owing to the enhanced concentrations and photochemistry initiated by OH radicals. Within the PMF-modelled sources, biomass-burning VOCs make a substantial contribution to both OFP and SOAP, distinguishing the rural atmosphere from its urban counterpart, where traffic emissions predominantly influence OFP and SOAP

Quantitative Measurements of HO 2 and Other Products of n -Butane Oxidation (H 2 O 2 , H 2 O, CH 2 O, and C 2 H 4 ) at Elevated Temperatures by Direct Coupling of a Jet-Stirred Reactor with Sampling Nozzle and Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (cw-CRDS)

International audienceFor the first time quantitative measurements of the hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) in a jet-stirred reactor were performed thanks to a new experimentalsetup involving fast sampling and near-infrared cavity ring-down spectroscopy at low pressure. The experiments were performed at atmospheric pressure and over a range of temperatures (550−900 K) with n-butane, the simplest hydrocarbon fuel exhibiting cool flame oxidation chemistry which represents a key process for the auto-ignition in internal combustion engines. The same technique was also used to measure H2O2, H2O, CH2O, and C2H4 under the same conditions. This new setup brings new scientific horizons for characterizing complex reactive systems at elevated temperatures. Measuring HO2 formation from hydrocarbon oxidation is extremely important in determining the propensity of a fuel to follow chain-termination pathways from R + O2 compared to chain branching (leading to OH), helping to constrain and better validate detailed chemical kinetics models

Deep vein thrombosis in intravenous drug users: an invisible global health burden.

The prevalence of intravenous drug use has increased in the past decade and it represents an important risk factor for deep vein thrombosis. Intravenous drug use is a global problem, with the main culprit being heroin. Peer pressure and poverty in high-risk groups such as sex workers, females, and young adults raise the risk of intravenous drug use, which expresses itself in the form of venous thromboembolism eventually. Deep vein thrombosis typically manifests itself eight years after the initial intravenous drug administration, rendering it a silent killer. Aiming to review and summarize existing articles in this context, we performed an exhaustive literature search online on PubMed and Google Scholar indexes using the keywords "Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)" and "Intravenous Drug Users (IVDU)." English articles that addressed epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management, and outcomes of DVT, including those in IVDU, were selected and analyzed. The pathogenesis of DVT development in IVDU is mainly attributed to the interplay of trauma to the vessel by repeated injection and the injected drug itself. The right-sided femoral vein is the most common vein affected. Prevalent clinical presentations include local pain, swelling, and redness with typical systemic symptoms including fever, cough, dyspnea, and chest pain on top of addiction features. There appeared to be a delay in reporting symptoms, which was most likely due to the social stigma attached to IVDU. There are over 50 conditions that present with swollen and painful limbs comparable to DVT in IVDU, making precise diagnosis critical for timely treatment. Venous ultrasound is the method of choice for diagnosing DVT. Extended anticoagulant therapy with low-molecular-weight heparin combined with warfarin is the recommended treatment. Intravenous drug abusers having DVT are affected by multiple complications and poorer outcomes such as slower recovery, recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE), and a longer hospital stay, which put them at higher risk of morbidity, mortality, reduced productivity, and economic burden

Removal of phenol in aqueous solution by adsorption onto green synthesized coinage nanoparticles beads

The adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution was carried out by using alginate-stabilized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) beads as adsorbents. The resulting AgNPs and AuNPs were characterized by scanning electron microscope, UV-visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Batch adsorption studies have shown that removal is dependent upon process parameters like initial concentration, contact time, pH and adsorbent dosage. The adsorption data obtained from batch studies at optimized conditions have been subjected to Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm studies. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were also applied to the experimental data. Phenol was effectively (90.0 +/- A 0.8 %) removed from the aqueous solution using alginate-stabilized AuNPs beads as the adsorption process. Desorption studies were made to elucidate recovery of the adsorbate and adsorbent for the economic competitiveness of the removal system. The alginate-stabilized AgNPs and AuNPs beads were found to be good adsorbents for adsorption of phenol from the aqueous solution