The Numbers and Distribution of Greater Snow Geese on Bylot Island and near Jungersen Bay, Baffin Island, in 1988 And 1983

We conducted aerial photographic surveys of greater snow geese on portions of Bylot Island and northern Baffin Island during August 1988 to determine whether changes had occurred since a similar survey in 1983. On the 1600 sq/km south plain of Bylot Island, using a quadrat system and stratified random sampling, we estimated a population of 26,300 breeding adults, 5,400 failed- and non-breeding adults, and 41,400 goslings; the breeding component had increased by 58% from the 1983 survey. In a 274 sq/km study area in Jungersen Bay on northern Baffin Island, we conducted total counts and recorded 2,555 adult breeders, 546 failed- and non-breeders, and 4,127 goslings; the breeding segment had declined by 15% since 1983. The later date of the survey in 1988, relative to that of 1983, is believed to have been the main cause of a more even distribution of broods among strata on Bylot Island and may have contributed to an underestimation of breeding geese at Jungersen Bay. Both survey areas supported high densities of breeding greater snow geese in both years. Bylot Island supported a similar proportion of the entire greater snow goose breeding population in 1988 (13%) and 1983 (15%).Key words: Anser caerulescens atlanticus, Baffin Island, breeding distribution, Bylot Island, Canada, goose surveys, greater snow gooseRÉSUMÉ. En août 1988, nous avons effectué un inventaire heliporté-photographique des Grandes Oies des neiges sur une partie des îles Bylot et Baffin afin de déterminer s’il y avait eu des changements d’effectifs depuis 1983. Nous avons employé un système de quadrats et un échantillonnage aléatoire stratifié sur une surface de 1600 km2 de la plaine sud de l’île Bylot; une estimation de 26 300 adultes nicheurs, 5400 adultes non-nicheurs, et 41 400 oisons fut obtenue. Le nombre d’adultes nicheurs avait augmenté de 58% depuis 1983. Dans une aire d’étude de 274 km’ à Jungersen Bay dans la partie nord de l’île Baffin, nous avons dénombré 2555 adultes nicheurs, 546 adultes non-nicheurs, et 4127 oisons; le nombre d’adultes nicheurs avait diminué de 15% depuis 1983. La date plus tardive de l’inventaire de 1988, en comparaison avec celui de 1983, semblait être la cause d’une répartition plus égale des couvées d’oies parmi les différents strates à l’île Bylot, et a peut être conduit à une sous-estimation à Jungersen Bay. Les deux régions ont supporté des densités élevées de couvées de Grandes Oies des neiges durant les deux années. L’île Bylot a servi de lieu de nidification à une proportion similaire de la population totale de reproducteurs en 1988 (13%) et en 1983 (15%).Mots clés: aire de nidification, Anser caerulescens atlanticus, Canada, Grande Oie des neiges, île Baffiin, île Bylot, inventaire d’oie

Déterminisme et stochasticité dans l'assemblage des communautés mycorhiziennes

La vaste majorité des plantes terrestres sont impliquées dans des interactions symbiotiques avec des champignons du sol. Ces interactions, appelées mycorhizes, jouent un rôle clé dans l’écologie des plantes en influençant plusieurs facettes de leur croissance ou de leur reproduction (e.g., nutrition, protection contre les pathogènes, activation du système immunitaire). Toutefois, nous connaissons encore très peu de choses sur l’assemblage des communautés mycorhiziennes en milieu naturel : existe-t-il de la spécificité entre certaines espèces de plantes et de champignons, ou ces associations sont-elles le fruit du hasard et des conditions locales seulement? Cette question pose un défi tant sur le plan fondamental, où nous cherchons à comprendre comment les mutualismes persistent évolutivement, que sur la plan appliqué, où nous aimerions connaître comment les écosystèmes naturels s’assemblent pour guider nos pratiques de restauration écologique. Ainsi, mon doctorat a gravité autour de cette question : quels sont les mécanismes responsables de l’assemblage des communautés mycorhiziennes? En d’autres termes, qu’est-ce qui détermine qu’une plante s’associera avec certains champignons, et ne s’associera pas avec d’autres, en milieu naturel. En premier lieu, j’ai approché cette question sur le plan théorique en utilisant la théorie des réseaux comme outil pour détecter les associations préférentielles entre plantes et champignons. J’ai aussi développé, pour prédire ces associations préférentielles, un cadre théorique basé sur les traits fonctionnels des organismes, en adaptant le triangle CSR de J.P. Grime. Finalement, j’ai pu tester mes hypothèses par des observations en milieu naturel et des expériences en milieu contrôlé. L’ensemble de mes travaux ont contribué à mettre en lumière deux éléments clés de l’assemblage des communautés mycorhiziennes. Premièrement, l’assemblage semble se faire de manière hiérarchique, où d’abord des contraintes neutres comme l’abondance et la distribution spatiale déterminent quelles espèces auront l’opportunité d’interagir entre elles et ensuite, une sélection déterministe des partenaires s’opère, où les ii plantes ayant des traits fonctionnels similaires tendent à interagir avec un pool similaire de champignons mycorhiziens. Deuxièmement, bien qu’il semble y avoir de la sélection déterministe de partenaires, tant en milieu naturel qu’en milieu contrôlé, ce choix de partenaires demeure extrêmement flexible et dépend probablement des conditions locales et de phénomènes stochastiques (e.g., conditions du sol, luminosité, effets de priorité par les plantes voisines, etc.). Ces résultats permettent de mieux comprendre la spécificité dans la symbiose mycorhizienne. Ils suggèrent aussi que ces communautés symbiotiques seront fortement résilientes aux perturbations (e.g., extinction locale d’une espèce), car la spécificité dans le choix de partenaires que l’on observe sur le terrain ne semble pas résulter d’évènements de coévolution réciproque et de spécialisation

Experimental investigation and theoretical modelling of induced anisotropy during stress-softening of rubber

International audienceThe Mullins effect refers to a stress-softening phenomenon of rubber-like materials during cyclic loading. Anisotropy of the material behaviour is generally observed after stretching. In this paper, a large set of original suitable experiments are reported to characterise this effect under several deformation conditions. Then, a phenomenological model is derived to capture the anisotropic distribution. For that, the affine micro-sphere model (Miehe et al., 2004) is amended with a directional network alteration in order to describe anisotropy. The alteration process, involving the breakage and the slippage of the links embedded in the macromolecular network, is modeled by the evolution of the average number of monomer segments per chain during stretching. The average chain length and the chain density are incrementally described by functions to allow both softening and stiffening, depending to the maximum and the minimum stretch rates and levels endured in each direction. The good capacity of the model to reproduce experimental observations validates the above assumptions

A theory of network alteration for the Mullins effect

International audienceThis paper reports on the development of a new network alteration theory to describe the Mullins effect. The stress-softening phenomenon that occurs in rubber-like materials during cyclic loading is analysed from a physical point of view. The Mullins effect is considered to be a consequence of the breakage of links inside the material. Both filler-matrix and chain interaction links are involved in the phenomenon. This new alteration theory is implemented by modifying the eight-chains constitutive equation of Arruda and Boyce (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 41 (2) (1993) 389). In the present method the parameters of the eight-chains model, denoted C-R and N in the bibliography, become functions of the maximum chain stretch ratio. The accuracy of the resulting constitutive equation is demonstrated on cyclic uniaxial experiments for both natural rubbers and synthetic elastomers

Capilano College Fall 1986 Reading Series

Poster with dates and times of the Fall 1986 Reading Series, featuring Sharon Pollock, Sandra Birdsell, and Fred Wah

A new modelling of the Mullins'effect and viscoelasticity of elastomers based on physical approach

The mechanical behaviour of elastomers is known to be highly non-linear, time-dependent and to exhibit hysteresis and stress-softening known as the Mullins effect (Mullins, 1948) upon cyclic loading. These phenomena are classically studied and modelled independently. Some studies are based on physical approaches (Arruda and Boyce, 1993; Bergström and Boyce, 1998; Marckmann et al., 2002) in which macroscopic constitutive equations are build in regards with the physics of polymeric chains. In this context of physical considerations, the aim of the present paper is to study independently each phenomenon involved in rubber-like materials and to assemble them in a global constitutive equation. First, the hyperelastic behaviour of elastomers is modelled by the physical approach of Arruda and Boyce (1993), widely known as the eight-chains model. This model accurately reproduces the large strains elastic behaviour of elastomers under different types of deformation. Second, the hysteretic time dependent behaviour is approached by the model developed by Bergström and Boyce (1998) that considers the separation of the network in two phases: an elastic equilibrium network and a viscoelastic network that captures the nonlinear rate-dependent deviation from equilibrium. This model is quite simple and successfully reproduces the rate-dependent hysteretic properties of elastomers. Last, as shown in the bibliography, the Mullins stress-softening effect can be considered as a damage phenomenon which only depends on the maximum stretch attained during the deformation history (Govindgee and Simo, 1992). In the present approach, the physical theory of Marckmann et al. (2002) based on an alteration of the polymeric network is adopted. This theory was introduced in the eight-chains hyperelastic model and successfully simulates the decrease of the material stiffness between the first and the second loading curves under cyclic loading. As these three models are based on the physics of the polymeric network, they are gathered in a new efficient constitutive equation. This model is able to reproduces imultaneously the Mullins effect and the time-dependent hysteretic behaviour of elastomers. Finally, the constitutive parameters of this new model are identified by fitting experimental data

Theoretical and numerical limitations for the simulation of crack propagation in natural rubber components

International audienceIn this paper, two commercial software packages dedicated to the simulation of crack propaga-tion in elastomer components were tested: FLEXPAC and MSC-MARC. Firstly, the theoretical limitations ofclassical crack propagation laws were examined to demonstrate that actual numerical predictions are limitedto very simple loading conditions. Secondly, crack propagation approaches implemented in both softwareswere analysed. In order to compare their performances, fatigue experiments are performed. Different rubbercomponents with different pre-cracks were tested under several loading conditions. Crack propagation, i.e.size and direction of the crack, was measured as a function of the number of cycles. Then, these results werecompared with crack direction criteria proposed by the two models. It was demonstrated that loading ampli-tude highly influenced the crack direction and that the models must take this into account in their solver. Fi-nally, limitations of this type of numerical analysis to predict the duration life of rubber components werehighlighted

Increased acetylcholinesterase expression in bumble bees during neonicotinoid-coated corn sowing

While honey bee exposure to systemic insecticides has received much attention, impacts on wild pollinators have not been as widely studied. Neonicotinoids have been shown to increase acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in honey bees at sublethal doses. High AChE levels may therefore act as a biomarker of exposure to neonicotinoids. This two-year study focused on establishing whether bumble bees living and foraging in agricultural areas using neonicotinoid crop protection show early biochemical signs of intoxication. Bumble bee colonies (Bombus impatiens) were placed in two different agricultural cropping areas: 1) control (≥3 km from fields planted with neonicotinoid-treated seeds) or 2) exposed (within 500 m of fields planted with neonicotinoid-treated seeds) and maintained for the duration of corn sowing. As determined by Real Time qPCR, AChE mRNA expression was initially significantly higher in bumble bees from exposed sites, then decreased throughout the planting season to reach a similar endpoint to that of bumble bees from control sites. These findings suggest that exposure to neonicotinoid seed coating particles during the planting season can alter bumble bee neuronal activity. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report in situ that bumble bees living in agricultural areas exhibit signs of neonicotinoid intoxication

Estimation of fungal diversity and identification of major abiotic drivers influencing fungal richness and communities in northern temperate and boreal Quebec forests

Fungi play important roles in forest ecosystems and understanding fungal diversity is crucial to address essential questions about species conservation and ecosystems management. Changes in fungal diversity can have severe impacts on ecosystem functionality. Unfortunately, little is known about fungal diversity in northern temperate and boreal forests, and we have yet to understand how abiotic variables shape fungal richness and composition. Our objectives were to make an overview of the fungal richness and the community composition in the region and identify their major abiotic drivers. We sampled 262 stands across the northern temperate and boreal Quebec forest located in the region of Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Mauricie, and Haute-Mauricie. At each site, we characterized fungal composition using Illumina sequencing, as well as several potential abiotic drivers (e.g., humus thickness, soil pH, vegetation cover, etc.). We tested effects of abiotic drivers on species richness using generalized linear models, while difference in fungal composition between stands was analyzed with permutational multivariate analysis of variance and beta-diversity partitioning analyses. Fungi from the order Agaricales, Helotiales, and Russulales were the most frequent and sites from the north of Abitibi-Témiscamingue showed the highest OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Unit) richness. Stand age and moss cover were the best predictors of fungal richness. On the other hand, the strongest drivers of fungal community structure were soil pH, average cumulative precipitation, and stand age, although much of community variance was left unexplained in our models. Overall, our regional metacommunity was characterized by high turnover rate, even when rare OTUs were removed. This may indicate strong environmental filtering by several unmeasured abiotic filters, or stronger than expected dispersal limitations in soil fungal communities. Our results show how difficult it can be to predict fungal community assembly even with high replication and efforts to include several biologically relevant explanatory variables

Boreal forest multifunctionality is promoted by low soil organic matter content and high regional bacterial biodiversity in Northeastern Canada

Boreal forests provide important ecosystem services, most notably being the mitigation of increasing atmospheric CO2 emissions. Microbial biodiversity, particularly the local diversity of fungi, has been shown to promote multiple functions of the boreal forests of Northeastern China. However, this microbial biodiversity-multifunctionality relationship has yet to be explored in Northeastern Canada, where historical environment have shaped a different regional pool of microbial diversity. This study focuses on the relationship between the soil microbiome and ecosystem multifunctionality, as well as the influence of pH and redox potential (Eh) on the regulation of such relationship. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to explore the different causal relationships existing in the studied ecosystems. In a managed part of the Canadian boreal forest, 156 forest polygons were sampled to (1) estimate the α- and β-diversity of fungal and bacterial communities and (2) measure 12 ecosystem functions mainly related to soil nutrient storage and cycling. Both bacteria and fungi influenced ecosystem multifunctionality, but on their own respective functions. Bacterial β-diversity was the most important factor increasing primary productivity and soil microbial biomass, while reducing soil emitted atmospheric CO2. Environmental characteristics, particularly low levels of organic matter in soil, were shown to have the strongest positive impact on boreal ecosystem multifunctionality. Overall, our results were consistent with those obtained in Northeastern China; however, some differences need to be further explored especially considering the history of forest management in Northeastern Canada