Relation Between Money Supply and Inflation: Case of Turkey (1994-2004)

DergiPark: 326499trakyasobedIt is known that most important problem of Turkish economy is inflation. So many stabilization programs which aimed controlling and curing the inflation have been implemented. In this research, the relationship between money supply and inflation has been studied between the periods of 1994-2004. Inflation is a concept which defines a continuous general price level escalation or a continuous attrition of purchasing power. If inflation is constant and high, it is generally accepted that the main reason for this situation is accretion of money supply. The theory of quantity which depends on to the functional relationship of money supply and price movements is supported by various researches. Despite of the arguments, it is generally accepted that there is a relationship between money supply and the price movements. While analyzing the properties of this functional relationship what its existence known theoretically, regression analysis will be quite useful. In this study Turkish monetary supply’s (M1, M2, M2Y and M3) between the period of 1994-2004 effecting strength and duration has been analyzed. It is founded that escalation monetary supply impresses both consumer and wholesale prices positively. It also seen that monetary supply escalation has a stronger effect on consumer prices than the wholesale prices. M2Y money supply has a stronger impress on the inflation escalation. According to this, it is seen that accretion of monetary supply triggering the inflation. Every economic school generally accepts the money’s effect on economic activity. Disagreement came into while measuring the strength of this effect. Starting point of inflation phenomena is a monetary expansion which stimulates aggregate demand. Consequently, in every economy which holds monetary expansion, inflation stimulates as well.Uzun yıllardır Türkiye ekonomisinin en önemli sorununun enflasyon olduğu bilinmektedir. Yapılan birçok istikrar programlarının öncelikli hedeflerinden biri de kronik hale gelmiş olan enflasyonu düşürmek ve kalıcı bir biçimde kontrol altına almaktır. Enflasyon, kavram olarak genel fiyat düzeyindeki sürekli yükselmeyi veya paranın sürekli olarak satın alma gücünü kaybetmesini ifade etmektedir. Enflasyonun sonuçta para miktarındaki artışa bağlı olduğu veya bir diğer ifade ile enflasyonun parasal olduğu genel kabul görmektedir. Para arzı ve fiyat hareketleri arasındaki fonksiyonel ilişkinin dayandığı miktar teorisi ve buna bağlı olarak geliştirilen geniş bir literatürden kaynaklanmaktadır. Tartışmalara rağmen, para arzı ile fiyat hareketleri arasında fonksiyonel bir ilişkinin olduğu genel kabul görmektedir. Kuramsal olarak varlığı bilinen bu fonksiyonel ilişkinin özelliklerinin araştırılmasında regresyon analizi anlamlı olacaktır. Bu çerçevede yapılan analiz sonucunda; Türkiye’de 1994 – 2004 döneminde para arzının (M1, M2, M2Y ve M3) fiyatlar genel düzeyini (TEFE ve TÜFE) etkileme derecesi ve süresi analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan regresyon analizi ile ulaşılan sonuçta; para arzlarındaki artışın tüketici ve toptan eşya fiyatlarını pozitif yönde etkilediği saptanmıştır. Ancak para arzındaki artışların tüketici fiyatlarını daha kuvvetli bir şekilde yükselttiği görülmüştür. M2Y para arzının diğer para arzlarına göre enflasyonu arttırma yönünde daha etkili olmakta. Dolayısıyla para arzındaki artışların enflasyonu tetiklediği görülmektedir. Tüm İktisat okulları, paranın ekonomik faaliyeti etkilediği konusunda görüş birliği içindedirler. Görüş ayrılığı ise, sadece bu etkinin derecesi konusunda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Enflasyon olayının başlangıcı her zaman toplam talebi uyaran bir parasal genişleme olmaktadır. Sonuçta, parasal genişlemenin olduğu her ekonomide enflasyon uyarılmaktadır

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

The Mediating Role of Materialism on the Relationship between Values and Consumption

The main aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between values and consumption, and to adduce the mediating roles of materialism in this association. Values have been investigated through Schwartz's main value dimensions in his Theory of Human Values: Self-Enhancement, Self-Transcendence, Openness to Change and Conservation. Through the scope of Homer and Kahle's Value-Attitude-Behavior model, the multiple relations and nomological network between the variables of individual values, materialism, and shopping were investigated. The study was conducted on 485 participants (314 females, 171 males), whose ages ranged between 18 and 66. The data was gathered through the administration of surveys including a demographic information form, Schwartz's Portrait Values Questionnaire, the Materialism Scale and the Consumption Habits Survey. In order to test the hypotheses, partial correlation analyses and hierarchical linear mediated regression analyses were used as statistical methods. The results showed that shopping frequency is positively related to Self Enhancement, while its associations with Self-Transcendence and Conservation were negative. In the analyses conducted to reveal the mediating role of materialism between the values of Self-Enhancement, Self-Transcendence and Conservation with frequency of shopping, it was found that when materialism was entered into the regression equation, the standardized regression coefficients of the values became insignificant, showing that materialism fully mediated the relationship between values and the frequency of shopping

The impact of monetary policy on economic growth: The case of EU countries

Para politikasının önemli görevlerinden birisi ülkenin ekonomik büyümesi için şartlar yaratmaktır. Dengeli para politikasını yürütmek ekonomiketkileşim için optimal koşullarını yaratmakta, ülkenin karşılaştığıekonomik görevlerin karmaşıklığına yardımcı olmaktadır. Tez çalışmamızın konusu olarak ekonominin bölgeselleştirilmesi bağlamında AB ülkelerin merkez bankalarının hedefleme rejimlerinin ekonomik büyüme süreçleri üzerindeki etkileri gözlemlenmektedir. Tez araştırmamızın amacı para politikası ve araçlarının etkisinden kaynaklanan ekonomik büyüme süreçlerini, AB ülkelerinde ekonomik büyüme açısından bu sürecin ana niceliksel ve niteliksel eğilimlerine ve kalıplarına ilişkin derinlemesine bir çalışmadır.One of the important tasks of monetary policy is to create conditions for the country's economic growth. Conducting a balanced monetary policy creates the optimal conditions for economic interaction, helping the complexity of economic tasks facing the country. In the context of the regionalization of the economy as the subject of our thesis, it observes the effects of the central banks targeting regimes on economic growth processes of EU countries. The aim of our thesis research is an in- depth study of the economic growth processes resulting from the impact of monetary policy and instruments, the major quantitative and qualitative trends and patterns of this process in terms of economic growth in EU countries

A new metabolic model of Drosophila melanogaster and the integrative analysis of Parkinson's disease.

High conservation of the disease-associated genes between flies and humans facilitates the common use of Drosophila melanogaster to study metabolic disorders under controlled laboratory conditions. However, metabolic modeling studies are highly limited for this organism. We here report a comprehensively curated genome-scale metabolic network model of Drosophila using an orthology-based approach. The gene coverage and metabolic information of the draft model derived from a reference human model were expanded via Drosophila-specific KEGG and MetaCyc databases, with several curation steps to avoid metabolic redundancy and stoichiometric inconsistency. Furthermore, we performed literature-based curations to improve gene-reaction associations, subcellular metabolite locations, and various metabolic pathways. The performance of the resulting Drosophila model (8,230 reactions, 6,990 metabolites, and 2,388 genes), iDrosophila1 (https://github.com/SysBioGTU/iDrosophila), was assessed using flux balance analysis in comparison with the other currently available fly models leading to superior or comparable results. We also evaluated the transcriptome-based prediction capacity of iDrosophila1, where differential metabolic pathways during Parkinson's disease could be successfully elucidated. Overall, iDrosophila1 is promising to investigate system-level metabolic alterations in response to genetic and environmental perturbations

Importance of Multi-Slice Computed Tomography for Autopsy: Single Center Experience

Virtopsy applications are widely-used minimally invasive autopsy techniques which are assistive techniques to increase the efficacy of the autopsy. The aim of this study was to show whether or not Multi-Slice Computed Tomography (MSCT) could be an alternative autopsy method or used in place of autopsy in some cases. In this study, evaluation was made of 20 forensic cases with MSCT applied pre-autopsy followed by conventional autopsy at Sivas Cumhuriyet University Hospital between 08.11.2006 and 30.09.2007. The cases were 17 male and three female in an age range of four months to 69 years. The cause of death was stated for all except one case, which was in an advanced stage of decomposition. The findings of the MSCT taken before the autopsy were compared with the conventional autopsy findings and the place of virtopsy in forensic cases was discussed. When it is considered that autopsy is necessary in some cases, it can be said that for some, MCST is superior to autopsy, so in some cases it could be an alternative or a supplementary method. Examination made with radiological imaging, as an independent, objective non-invasive observer means that data related to the corpse can be retrieved from digital storage and provides the opportunity for re-examination years after the organ remains have decomposed or been discarded. [Med-Science 2015; 4(1.000): 2039-56