Skin aging induced by smoking

A pele é o principal órgão de comunicação não verbal do organismo e, pode ser considerada marcador biológico e, o seu envelhecimento é consequência de múltiplos fatores intrí­nsecos e extrí­nsecos que estão integrados entre si. O Tabagismo, além de ser considerado um dos fatores responsáveis por diversas doenças, principalmente por Doenças Pulmonares Obstrutivas Crônicas (DPOC), é também um indutor do envelhecimento cutâneo precoce, provocando o acúmulo de Radicais Livres, fazendo com que o organismo saia da homeostase. A cosmetologia se utiliza de várias substâncias antioxidantes exógenas, como as vitaminas, extratos vegetais dentre outros, com o objetivo da devolução da integridade funcional da pele e a melhora de sua aparência. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a influência do tabagismo no envelhecimento cutâneo, priorizando os aspectos de saúde do indiví­duo segundo estatí­sticas no Brasil e no Mundo e conscientizar que o tabagismo é prejudicial à saúde. Campanhas devem ser continuamente realizadas para diminuição do hábito tabagico, pois tornou-se um problema de saúde pública.Â

Epoxidation of Cyclohexene on Heterogenized Molybdenum Compounds

Heterogenization of molybdenum species, starting either with Mo(CO)6 or MoO2(acac)2, on the surface of functionalized silicas bearing one (Si-Et1) or two (Si-Et2) ethylenediamine ligands was studied. The resulting systems are active in the catalytic epoxidation of cyclohexene by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Using fresh catalysts, Si-Et2 results in higher selectivity, regardless of the Mo precursor. However, MoO2(acac)2-based systems are far more active. Formation of diols was never detected. Although XPS analyses point mainly to Mo(VI) species on the surface of all systems, UV-vis spectra suggest different ligands in their coordination spher

The Removal Of The Indigo Carmine Dye From Aqueous Solutions Using Cross-linked Chitosan-evaluation Of Adsorption Thermodynamics Using A Full Factorial Design

A 23 factorial design was employed to evaluate the quantitative removal of the indigo carmine (IC) dye from aqueous solutions on glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan. The variables were chitosan masses of 100 and 300 mg, IC concentrations of 2.0 and 5.0 × 10-5 mol L-1 and temperatures of 25 and 35 °C. The quantitative and energetic adsorption parameters were analyzed statistically using modeling with bilinear equations. The results indicated that increasing the chitosan mass from 100 to 300 mg decreases the IC adsorption/mass ratio (mol g-1) whereas a temperature increase of 25-35 °C increases it. The principal effect of the IC concentration did not show statistical significance. The factorial experiments demonstrate the existence of a significant antagonistic interaction effect between the chitosan mass and temperature. The adsorption thermodynamic parameters, namely ΔadsH, ΔadsG, and ΔadsS, were determined for all the factorial design results. Endothermic values were found in relation to the ΔadsH. The positive ΔadsS values indicate that entropy is a driving force for adsorption. The ΔadsG values are also significantly affected by important antagonistic and synergistic effects involving all principal and interactive factors. It is concluded that the thermodynamical spontaneity of the IC adsorption parameters are greatly influenced by the interactive factors and not by the temperature changes alone. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1531-2566574Guibal, E., Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-based sorbents: a review (2004) Sep. Purif. Technol., 38, pp. 43-74Crini, G., Recent developments in polysaccharide-based materials used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment (2005) Prog. Polym. Sci., 30, pp. 38-70Varma, A.J., Deshpande, S.V., Kennedy, J.F., Metal complexation by chitosan and its derivatives: a review (2004) Carbohydr. Polym., 55, pp. 77-93Akkaya, G., Uzun, I., Guzel, F., Kinetics of the adsorption of reactive dyes by chitin (2007) Dyes Pigments, 73, pp. 168-177Muzzarelli, R.A.A., (1973) Natural Chelating Polymers: Alginic Acid, Chitin and Chitosan, , Oxford University Pergamon Press, EnglandGuibal, E., Heterogeneous catalysis on chitosan-based materials: a review (2005) Prog. Polym. Sci., 30, pp. 71-109No, H.K., Meyers, S.P., Application of chitosan for treatment of wastewaters (2000) Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 163, pp. 1-28Sun, W.Q., Payne, G.F., Moas, M.S.G.L., Chu, J.H., Wallace, K.K., Tyrosinase reaction/chitosan adsorption for removing phenols from wastewater (1992) Biotechnol. Prog., 8, pp. 179-186Juang, R.S., Wu, F.C., Tseng, R.L., Solute adsorption and enzyme immobilization on chitosan beads prepared from shrimp shell wastes (2001) Biores. Technol., 80, pp. 187-193Magalhães, J.M.C.S., Machado, A.A.S.C., Urea potentiometric biosensor based on urease immobilized on chitosan membranes (1998) Talanta, 47, pp. 183-191Lima, I.S., Airoldi, C., A thermodynamic investigation on chitosan-divalent cation interactions (2004) Thermochim. Acta, 421, pp. 133-139Karatepe, N., Adsorption of a non-ionic dispersant on lignite particle surfaces (2003) Energy Convers. Manage., 44, pp. 1275-1284Chegrouche, S., Bensmaili, A., Removal of Ga(III) from aqueous solution by adsorption on activated bentonite using a factorial design (2002) Water Res., 36, pp. 2898-2904Annadurai, G., Juang, R.S., Lee, D.J., Factorial design analysis for adsorption of dye on activated carbon beads incorporated with calcium alginate (2002) Adv. Environ. Res., 6, pp. 191-198Nicholls, G., Clark, B.J., Brown, J.E., Solid-phase extraction and optimized separation of doxorubicin, epirubicin and their metabolites using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (1992) J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 10, pp. 949-957Monteiro Jr., O.A.C., Airoldi, C., Some thermodynamic data on copper-chitin and copper-chitosan biopolymer interactions (1999) J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 212, pp. 212-219Leal, O., Bolévar, C., Ovalles, C., Garcia, J.J., Espidel, Y., Reversible adsorption of carbon dioxide on amine surface-bonded silica gel (1995) Inorg. Chim. Acta, 240, pp. 183-189Lopes, E.C.N., dos Anjos, F.S.C., Vieira, E.F.S., Cestari, A.R., An alternative Avrami equation to evaluate kinetic parameters of the interaction of Hg(II) with thin chitosan membranes (2003) J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 263, pp. 542-547Cestari, A.R., Vieira, E.F.S., Silva, E.S., Interactions of anionic dyes with silica-aminopropyl. 1. A quantitative multivariate analysis of equilibrium adsorption and adsorption Gibbs free energies (2006) J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 297, pp. 22-30Cestari, A.R., Vieira, E.F.S., Pinto, A.A., Lopes, E.C.N., Multistep adsorption of anionic dyes on silica/chitosan hybrid. 1. Comparative kinetic data from liquid- and solid-phase models (2005) J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 292, pp. 363-372Guibal, E., Van Vooren, M., Dempsey, B.A., Roussy, J., A review of the use of chitosan for the removal of particulate and dissolved contaminants (2006) Sep. Sci. Technol., 41, pp. 2487-2514Ravikumar, K., Krishnan, S., Ramalingam, S., Balu, K., Optimization of process variables by the application of response surface methodology for dye removal using a novel adsorbent (2007) Dyes Pigments, 72, pp. 66-74Box, G.P.G., Hunter, J.S., Hunter, W.G., (2005) Statistics for Experimenters: Design Innovation and Discovery. second ed., , John Wiley & Sons, USABruns, R.E., Scarminio, I.S., de Barros Neto, B.B., (2006) Statistical Design-Chemometrics, , Elsevier, AmsterdamCestari, A.R., Vieira, E.F.S., Nascimento, A.J.P., Airoldi, C., New factorial designs to evaluate chemisorption of divalent metals on aminated silicas (2001) J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 241, pp. 45-51Shen, J., Duvnjak, Z., Adsorption kinetics of cupric and cadmium ions on corncob particles (2005) Process Biochem., 40, pp. 3446-3454dos Anjos, F.S.C., Vieira, E.F.S., Cestari, A.R., Interaction of indigo carmine dye with chitosan evaluated by adsorption and thermochemical data (2002) J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 253, pp. 243-246Tahir, S.S., Rauf, N., Thermodynamic studies of Ni(II) adsorption onto bentonite from aqueous solution (2003) J. Chem. Thermodyn., 35, pp. 2003-2009Gimenez-Martin, E., Espinosa-Jiménez, M., Influence of tannic acid in leacril/rhodamine B system: thermodynamics aspects (2005) Colloids Surf. A, 270-271, pp. 93-101Goobes, R., Goobes, G., Campbell, C.T., Stayton, P.S., Thermodynamicvs of statherin adsorption onto hydroxyapatite (2006) Biochemistry, 45, pp. 5576-5586Ho, Y.-S., Ofamaja, A.E., Kinetics and thermodynamics of lead ion sorption on palm kernel fibres from aqueous solution (2005) Process Biochem., 40, pp. 3455-3461Romero-González, J., Peralta-Videa, J.R., Rodríguez, E., Ramirez, S.L., Gardea-Torresdey, J.L., Determination of thermodynamic parameters of Cr(VI) adsorption from aqueous solution onto Agave lechuguilla biomass (2005) J. Chem. 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B, 137, pp. 498-508Vieira, E.F.S., Cestari, A.R., Simoni, J.A., Airoldi, C., Thermochemical data for interaction of some primary amines with complexed mercury on mercapto-modified silica gel (2003) Thermochim. Acta, 399, pp. 121-126Ramesh, A., Lee, D.J., Wong, J.W.C., Thermodynamic parameters for adsorption equilibrium of heavy metals and dyes from wastewater with low-cost adsorbents (2005) J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 291, pp. 588-592Wang, S., Li, H., Xu, L., Application of zeolite MCM-22 for basic dye removal from wastewater (2006) J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 295, pp. 71-78Özcan, A.S., Özcan, A., Adsorption of acid dyes from aqueous solutions onto acid-activated bentonite (2004) J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 276, pp. 39-46Saleem, M., Pirzada, T., Qadeer, R., Sorption of some azo-dyes on wool fiber from aqueous solutions (2005) Colloids Surf. A, 260, pp. 183-188Saha, T.K., Karmaker, S., Ichikawa, H., Fukumori, Y., Mechanisms and kinetics of trisodium 2-hydroxy-1,1′-azonaphthalene-3,4′,6-trisulfonate adsorption onto chitosan (2005) J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 286, pp. 433-439Prado, A.G.S., Torres, J.D., Faria, E.A., Dias, S.C.L., Comparative adsorption studies of indigo carmine dye on chitin and chitosan (2004) J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 277, pp. 43-4

The Removal Of Cu(ii) And Co(ii) From Aqueous Solutions Using Cross-linked Chitosan-evaluation By The Factorial Design Methodology

A 23 factorial design was employed to evaluate the quantitative removal of Cu(II) and Co(II) on glutaraldehyde-cross-linked chitosan from kinetic isotherms, using chitosan masses of 100 and 300 mg and temperatures of 25 and 35 °C. The adsorption parameters were analyzed statistically using modeling polynomial equations and a cumulative normal probability plot. The results indicated the higher quantitative preference of the chitosan for Cu(II) in relation to Co(II). Increasing the chitosan mass decreases the adsorption/mass ratio (mol g-1) for both metals. The principal effect of the temperature did not show statistical importance. The adsorption thermodynamic parameters, namely ΔadsH, ΔadsG and ΔadsS, were determined. Exothermic and endothermic results were found in relation to a specific factorial design experiment. A comparison of ΔadsH values was made in relation to some metal-adsorbent interactions in literature. It is suggested that the adsorption thermodynamic parameters are determined by the influence of the principal and interactive experimental parameters and not by the temperature changes alone. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.14301/02/15816United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), (1992) National Primary Drinking Water Regulations, , USEPA, USACrini, G., Recent developments in polysaccharide-based materials used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment (2005) Prog. Polym. Sci., 30, pp. 38-70Guibal, E., Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-based sorbents: a review (2004) Separ. Purif. Technol., 38, pp. 43-74Guibal, E., Heterogeneous catalysis on chitosan-based materials: a review (2005) Prog. Polym. Sci., 30, pp. 71-109Varma, A.J., Deshpande, S.V., Kennedy, J.F., Metal complexation by chitosan and its derivatives: a review (2004) Carbohydr. Polym., 55, pp. 77-93Muzzarelli, R.A.A., (1973) Natural Chelating Polymers: Alginic Acid, Chitin and Chitosan, , Pergamon Press, OxfordNo, H.K., Meyers, S.P., Application of chitosan for treatment of wastewaters (2000) Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 163, pp. 1-28Sun, W.Q., Payne, G.F., Moas, M.S.G.L., Chu, J.H., Wallace, K.K., Tyrosinase reaction/chitosan adsorption for removing phenols from wastewater (1992) Biotechnol. Prog., 8, pp. 179-186Magalhães, J.M.C.S., Machado, A.A.S.C., Urea potentiometric biosensor based on urease immobilized on chitosan membranes (1998) Talanta, 47, pp. 183-191Zeng, X., Ruckenstein, E., Cross-linked macroporous chitosan anion-exchange membranes for protein separations (1998) J. Membr. Sci., 148, pp. 195-205Juang, R.S., Wu, F.C., Tseng, R.L., Solute adsorption and enzyme immobilization on chitosan beads prepared from shrimp shell wastes (2001) Biores. Technol., 80, pp. 187-193Monteiro Jr., O.A.C., Airoldi, C., Some thermodynamic data on copper-chitin and copper-chitosan biopolymer interactions (1999) J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 212, pp. 212-219Karatepe, N., Adsorption of a non-ionic dispersant on lignite particle surfaces (2003) Energy Conver. Manage., 44, pp. 1275-1284Chegrouche, S., Bensmaili, A., Removal of Ga(III) from aqueous solution by adsorption on activated bentonite using a factorial design (2002) Water Res., 36, pp. 2898-2904Annadurai, G., Juang, R.S., Lee, D.J., Factorial design analysis for adsorption of dye on activated carbon beads incorporated with calcium alginate (2002) Adv. Environ. Res., 6, pp. 191-198Nicholls, G., Clark, B.J., Brown, J.E., Solid-phase extraction and optimized separation of doxorubicin, epirubicin and their metabolites using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (1992) J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 10, pp. 949-957de Brito, D., Campana, S.P., A kinetic study on the thermal degradation of N,N,N-trimethylchitosan (2004) Polym. Degrad. Stab., 84, pp. 353-361Monteiro Jr., O.A.C., Airoldi, C., The influence of chitosans with defined degrees of acetylation on the thermodynamic data for copper coordination (2005) J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 282, pp. 32-37Leal, O., Bolévar, C., Ovalles, C., Garcia, J.J., Espidel, Y., Reversible adsorption of carbon dioxide on amine surface-bonded silica gel (1995) Inorg. Chim. Acta, 240, pp. 183-189Vieira, E.F.S., Cestari, A.R., Simoni, J.A., Airoldi, C., Thermochemical data for interaction of some primary amines with complexed mercury on mercapto-modified silica gel (2003) Thermochim. Acta, 399, pp. 121-126Lopes, E.C.N., dos Anjos, F.S.C., Vieira, E.F.S., Cestari, A.R., An alternative Avrami equation to evaluate kinetic parameters of the interaction of Hg(II) with thin chitosan membranes (2003) J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 263, pp. 542-547Cestari, A.R., Vieira, E.F.S., Bruns, R.E., Airoldi, C., Some new data for metal desorption on inorganic-organic hybrid materials (2000) J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 227, pp. 66-70Cestari, A.R., Vieira, E.F.S., Silva, E.S., Interactions of anionic dyes with silica-aminopropyl. 1. A quantitative multivariate analysis of equilibrium adsorption and adsorption Gibbs free energies (2006) J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 297, pp. 22-30Cestari, A.R., Vieira, E.F.S., dos Santos, A.G.P., Mota, J.A., de Almeida, V.P., Adsorption of anionic dyes on chitosan beads. 1. The influence of the chemical structures of dyes and temperature on the adsorption kinetics (2004) J. Colloid Interf. 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A, 42, pp. 3897-3909Airoldi, C., Alcântara, E.F.C., Chemisorption of divalent cations on N-(2-pyridyl)acetamide immobilized on silica gel-a thermodynamic study (1995) J. Chem. Thermodyn., 27, pp. 623-632Wang, S., Li, H., Xu, L., Application of zeolite MCM-22 for basic dye removal from wastewater (2006) J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 295, pp. 71-78Lyubchik, S.I., Lyubchik, A.I., Galushka, D.L., Tikhonova, L.P., Vital, J., Fonseca, I.M., Lyubchik, S.B., Kinetics and thermodynamics of the Cr(III) adsorption on the activated carbon from co-mingled wastes (2004) Colloids Surf. A, 242, pp. 151-158Uslu, G., Tanyol, M., Removal of Cu(II) using Pseudomonas putida (2006) J. Hazard. Mater. B, 135, pp. 87-93Yavuz, O., Altunkaynak, Y., Guzel, F., Removal of copper, nickel, cobalt and manganese from aqueous solution by kaolinite (2003) Water Res., 37, pp. 948-95