Substituentenkonstanten des Pyrazol-, 1,2,3-Triazol-, Benzotriazol- und Naphthotriazol-Restes

Die Synthese von Benzoesäuren mit den im Titel genannten Resten in m- bzw. p-Position (15, 13, 11, 9) sowie ihrer Ethyl- und Methylester wird beschrieben. Über deren alkalische Verseifung in Ethanol/Wasser und Methylcellosolve/Wasser werden die Substituentenkonstanten p und m der Reste bestimmt. Sie deuten auf eine induktive Elektronenacceptor-und mesomere Elektronendonator-Wirkung dieser für die Farbstoff-Chemie wichtigen Substituenten hin

Sampling of random data streams

Modern telecommunication networks work on the transmission method of common data streams in which data bursts consisting of packets that further consist of particular bits are multiplexed from various traffic sources. The larger amount of data is transmitted through a transmission medium (optical fibre), the more frequently bursts occur, and the lower amount of data, the more rarely they follow. If it is required to monitor how large amount of data is being transmitted in a network branch in order to find out, to which measure of this branch is occupied, it is not necessary to take each information unit (each packet or even each particular bit). It will do if information whether a data burst occurs in the transmission or does it not occur is taken in certain time intervals – with a certain sampling frequency. The paper deals with this sampling intervals

General Notes on processes and their spectra

The frequency spectrum performs one of the main characteristics of a process. The aim of the paper is to show the coherence between the process and its own spectrum and how the behaviour and properties of a process itself can be deduced from its spectrum. Processes are categorized and general principles of their spectra calculation and recognition are given. The main stress is put on power spectra of electric and optic signals, as they also perform a kind of processes. These spectra can be directly measured, observed and examined by means of spectral analyzers and they are very important characteristics which can not be omitted at transmission techniques in telecommunication technologies. Further, the paper also deals with non electric processes, mainly with processes and spectra at mass servicing and how these spectra can be utilised in praxis

Methods of calculation of digital signals spectra

Modern telecommunication networks work on the transmission method of common data streams in which data bursts consisting of packets that further consist of particular bits are multiplexed from various traffic sources. The larger amount of data is transmitted through a transmission medium (optical fibre), the more frequently bursts occur, and the lower amount of data, the more rarely they follow. If it is required to monitor how large amount of data is being transmitted in a network branch in order to find out, to which measure this branch is occupied, it is not necessary to take each information unit (each packet or even each particular bit). It will do if information whether a data burst occurs in the transmission or does it not occur is taken in certain time intervals – with a certain sampling frequency. The paper deals with these sampling intervals

Transitons of Markovian Process Through a Given Level

This paper is a free continuation of [l] where properties of Markovian process were also dealt with. It may be necessary to determine the count of transitions through a given level and the mean time during that the random process persists over or below a chosen level. Traffic load estimations and predictions in dynamically controlled broadband networks may serve as an example of practical applications. Unlike of [l] where as many changes in the state of random process as possible shall be caught up, now we are only interested in those transitions which cross a chosen level

Scanning of Markov Random Processes

Function of most electronic devices is based on the microprocessor control. A microprocessor must scan and evaluate function of many controlled equipment that can be transformed into 2 statuses - "free" or "busy". Microprocessors in a digital exchange are the typical example of that. It can be said the microprocessors are in a discrete dialogue with the controlled parts. They ascertain in regular time intervals whether the status of the controlled equipment has changed. 1 or more "busy" statuses may exist in the same time. As the changes from "free" to "busy" and from "busy" to "free" occur randomly, the state of i busy statuses lasts for a random period too. If the changes have pro-perties of Markov process, the probability which each change will be detected with and hence the scanning rate needed can be derived

A note on tariffication strategy cases in telecommunications

Tariff strategy, Call, Payment,